female homosexuality in ancient greece and rome
Perhaps Boehringer would still choose to cite Parker in this manner, but it is disorienting to observe this published now and to know simultaneously that it is a historical artefact. It was suggested by George Devereux that this was to make the husband's transition from homosexual to heterosexual relationships easier. According to the opinion of the classicist Kenneth Dover who published Greek Homosexuality in 1978, given the importance in Greek society of cultivating the masculinity of the adult male and the perceived feminizing effect of being the passive partner, relations between adult men of comparable social status were considered highly problematic, and usually associated with social stigma. Other ancients such as Xenophon held that Achilles and Patroclus were simply close friends. According to Dover, pederasty was not considered to be a homosexual act, given that the 'man' would be taking on a dominant role, and his disciple would be taking on a passive one. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Cite This Work This groundbreaking study, among the earliest syntheses on female homosexuality throughout Antiquity, explores the topic with careful reference to ancient concepts and views, drawing fully on the existing visual and written record including literary, philosophical, and scientific documents. Homosexuality in History: A Partially Annotated Bibliography. Donnay, Catherine S., "Pederasty in ancient Greece: a view of a now forbidden institution" (2018). The great stoic philosopher Zeno of Citium (l. c. 336-265 BCE) exclusively favored male relationships. (34). ), Fragmente einer Geschichte der griechischen Komdie Fragmentary History of Greek Comedy, Mainz 2015, 159198. BMCR 2023.04.42 Female homosexuality in ancient Greece and Rome Sandra Boehringer, Female homosexuality in ancient Greece and Rome. To give an example: Boehringers analysis of the figure of Iphis/Leukipposwho is raised as a boy and, upon the verge of adulthood and marriage, is endowed with a penis through the blessing of a goddess (either Isis or Leto)focuses almost all its energies upon proving that the young Iphis/Leukippos is intended to be interpreted (regardless of appearance and social role) as a girl rather than a boy. Women in Antiquity: A Bibliography (9250 entries), Lev Kenaan, sexuality as intertextuality, differences. (2021, June 25). Hg. When male-male sexual relations are mentioned negatively, it always has to do with one male surrendering his masculine power to another in sex, not in a relationship. Translated from the French by Anna Preger. What a different history we might have had if "morals" had been exclusively concerned with how humane and tolerant a society was, instead of being obsessed with how we have an orgasm. The relationship between them has been interpreted by some authors from Roman times onwards as romantic or homoerotic. According to Robin Lane Fox, Alexander and Hephaestion were possible lovers. [3] Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention, Statement on the Genocidal Nature of the Gender Critical Movements Ideology and Practice. November 29, 2022. This groundbreaking study, among the earliest syntheses on female homosexuality throughout Antiquity, explores the topic with careful reference to ancient concepts and views, drawing fully on the existing visual and written record including literary, philosophical, and scienti c documents. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. [12], An elaborate social code governed the mechanics of Greek pederasty. Summary Terms like "lesbianism" suggest that the ancients designated female homosexuality in this way and there were "lesbians" in Greece and Rome. Boehringers book is a tightly argued work of solid and sceptical textual scholarship, which sets out to discuss all the available evidence about sexual relations between women from the archaic period through Lucian. Much of her discussion deals with the difficulty of finding representations of erotic encounters between women in ancient sourcesthe subtitle of part 2 is from silence to humourand she concludes that sex between women was, generally speaking, considered by ancient Greek and Roman authors to be neither hot nor funny, nor indeed politically relevant. It would be perhaps unfair to judge Boehringers monograph for not speaking to the conversations and concerns that have become prominent since its initial publication in French in 2007. [9][bettersourceneeded], The rite of passage undergone by Greek youths in the tribal prehistory of Greece evolved into the commonly known form of Greek pederasty after the rise of the city-state, or polis. I - Vol. At first, both erastes and eromenos, show constraint and restraint their pursuit. We care about our planet! Breathtaking in its historical and geographical scope, this book provides a sweeping examination of the construction of male and female homosexualities, stressing both the variability of the forms same-sex desire can take and the key recurring patterns it has formed throughout history."[An] indispensable resource on same-sex sexual relationships and their social contexts. Render date: 2023-06-01T15:08:02.041Z Greek society did not distinguish sexual desire or behavior by the gender of the participants, but rather by the role that each participant played in the sex act, that of active penetrator or passive penetrated. Ancient Greek Pederasty: Education or Exploitation? Web log. For men of the same tribe little value one another when dangers press; but a band cemented by friendship grounded upon love is never to be broken. 101 N. Merion Ave., Those who would like to learn more about the book might be interested to turn to Andrew Lears review of the French edition (Classical World 103.1 (2009) or Allison Glazebrooks review of the English translation in the most recent issue of The Classical Review, 73:1 (April 2023, 175-177). Gay Warriors: A Documentary History from the Ancient World to the Present Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. It was a private matter and therefore rarely worth mention. Phaon and Sappho in the Attic comedy? [7], Boehringers focus on finding examples of female homosexuality compromises the care she is able to offer her gender non-conforming subjects. Lhomosexualit fminine dans lAntiquit grecque et romaine, Sandra Boehringer /Les Belles Lettres, 2007. 1012-1014, Sappho in Athens. These ancient artifacts tell the entire story in pictures. The romance between Pausanias and Agathon in Athens, made famous by their appearance in Plato's Symposium, also continued from the pederastic phase into adulthood as a stable and long-lasting relationship. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. . Thank you! Here, a woman called Leaina describes her experience in a threesome with an established couplea woman called Demonassa and her partner, who is named by Leaina as Megilla, but who states, quite explicitly: Dont feminize me, for my name is Megillos. The characters proceed to have a discussion about the attributes of manhood (I was born female like the rest of you [says Megillos], but I have the mind and desire and everything else of a man). He even gave them a headstart in the great race to get back to heaven, their mutual love refeathering their mottled wings. Seeing (not) see: phenomenologyin Paulinus of Nola (Eugesta 2018).pdf, Screening Love and Sex in the Ancient World. Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East by Bruce L. Gerig, Why Is the Word "Homosexual" Considered to Be Offensive? Now available in English for the first time, Female Homosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome includes a preface by David Halperin. Distinctions concerning sexual identity, and prohibitions on same-sex relationships, only begin to appear after the rise of Christianity which rejected practices associated with earlier religious beliefs. In India the law code Manusmriti (c. 1250 BCE) treats same-sex and opposite-sex relationships equally, and both this work and the famous Kama Sutra (c. 400 BCE) reference a third gender known as the Kinnar (also known as Hijra). Hubbard utilizes both schools of thought when these seem pertinent to the ancient texts, pp. The study of the compositions of Alcman and Sappho is preceded by analysis of rites of passage and male and female initiation. Female Homosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, Collection dtudes anciennes, 2007. http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Femmes-entre-elles-dans-l.html Although ancient erotica in general, and male homosexuality in particular, have generated much research by historians and philologists, from the nineteenth century to the present, sex and love between women in Greece and Rome had never previously received the attention of a systematic and specific study. Even today, ancient female homosexuals are still too often seen in terms of a mythical, ethereal Sapphic love, or stereotyped as "Amazons" or courtesans. Boehringer concludes her epilogue with the claim that the ultimate paradox of this dialogue for its ancient audience was that it is a dialogue without men (332333, 339). [7] Essential . Instead of legends of heroic self-sacrifice in a warrior society, we have piquant tales of delicate consideration and tenderness. In the United States, the Stonewall Rebellion of 28 June 1969 at the Stonewall Inn, Greenwich Village, New York, was the pivotal event that encouraged the LGBTQ+ community to step out of the shadows and demand their civil rights. That did not happen. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. "[29] This relationship lasted throughout their lives, and was compared, by others as well as themselves, to that of Achilles and Patroclus. [8] This evocation of trans identity is striking not only because it is the only unqualified application of a modern identity category to the ancient material, but also because Dorkion is represented by the epigram in question as someone who unexpectedly wears masculine attire (as Boehringer writes: Dorkion dresses up as a boy. (161)). In the famous tale of The Contending of Horus and Set, for example, it is not the sexual act that troubles the gods but Sets claim that he dominated Horus. March 24, 2016. To love a boy below the age of twelve was considered inappropriate, but no evidence exists of any legal penalties attached to this sort of practice. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. S-light Anomaly. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Married Roman men regularly had affairs with male lovers and, as noted in other cultures, the only dishonor or stigma attached to such a relationship was a male of some standing playing a passive role. Even today, ancient female homosexuals are still too . Finally, the article illustrates how contemporary philological and historical research on Sappho, in an attempt to escape that ideological battle, unconsciously falls victim to this millennia-long misogyny. Has data issue: false FREE delivery Mon, Oct 10 Or fastest delivery Thu, Oct 6. Same-sex relations in all of the above cultures were negatively impacted at first by Christianity and Christian missionaries before that same kind of religious intolerance was spread by Islam and even faiths such as Buddhism, which, as noted, initially encouraged same-sex relationships. [14], The age limit for pederasty in ancient Greece seems to encompass, at the minimum end, boys of twelve years of age. Female Homoeroticism in the Roman Empire: How Many Licks Does It Take to Get to the Disruption of a Phallocentric Model of Sexuality? Even today, ancient female homosexuals are still too often seen in terms of a mythical, ethereal Sapphic love, or stereotyped as "Amazons" or courtesans. One such scholar is Bruce Thornton, who argues that insults directed at pederastic males in the comedies of Aristophanes show the common people's dislike for the practice. [1] Speculative historical fiction: Jordy Rosenberg, Confessions of a Fox. Cross-Dressing in Roman Comedy Download; XML; The . Their relationship is stronger and more intimate than any of their relationships with other people. Among the most famous committed same-sex relationships in Rome was that between the Roman emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138 CE) and his young lover Antinous (l. c. 110-130 CE), but there are many others recorded and, no doubt, many more among people no historian ever cared to write about. The Chinese, for example, followed this same model in upper-class men and monarchs taking male lovers from among their courtiers, but this was acceptable because the upper-class lover would ennoble the lower-class beloved. Aeschylus in the tragedy Myrmidons made Achilles the erastes since he had avenged his lover's death even though the gods told him it would cost his own life. London: Influx Press, 2021. 9 Karras, Ruth Mazzo, Common Women: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 32 . von C. Walde, Der Neue Pauly Suppl. (S.) Boehringer Female Homosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome. This is an opportunity to make a brief excursus on a false friend in the Greek language, lesbiazein, which does not refer to practices that would be characterized today as "homosexual." The first recorded appearance of a deep emotional bond between adult men in ancient Greek culture was in the Iliad (800 BC). The Ionian practice of seclusion became more widespread in Athens during the fifth century, at just the time when democratic ideals of liberty were institu- If the monograph were written nowrather than fifteen years agoit would seem to contribute intentionally to trans-exclusionary discourse. Mastaba of Niankhkhnum & Khnumhotepkairoinfo4u (CC BY-NC-SA). This book will be of value to students and scholars of ancient sexuality and gender, and to anyone interested in histories and theories of sexuality. (less is known about Greek attitudes towards women) can respond erotically to either sex, and the vast majority of men who engaged in same-sex relationships were also married (or would later become married . The second part of the book deals with Classical and Hellenistic Greece. Hostname: page-component-546b4f848f-zwmfq Greek boys no longer left the confines of the community, but rather paired up with older men within the confines of the city. [21], The legislator Philolaus of Corinth, lover of the stadion race winner Diocles of Corinth at the Ancient Olympic Games of 728 BC,[22] crafted laws for the Thebans in the 8th century BC that gave special support to male unions, contributing to the development of Theban pederasty in which, unlike other places in ancient Greece, it favored the continuity of the union of male couples even after the younger man reached adulthood, the most famous example being the Sacred Band of Thebes, composed of elite soldiers in pairs of male lovers in the 4th century BC, as was also the case with him and Diocles, who lived together in Thebes until the end of their lives.[23]. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Leading the charge against the Eretrians he brought the Chalcidians to victory at the cost of his own life. And surely texts as complex (and as distant from our own era) as Lucians or Ovids are amenable to more than one interpretation? The most widespread and socially significant form of same-sex sexual relations in ancient Greece amongst elite circles was between adult men and pubescent or adolescent boys, known as pederasty (marriages in Ancient Greece between men and women were also age structured, with men in their thirties commonly taking wives in their early teens). Such relationships were documented by many Greek historians and in philosophical discourses, as well as in offhand remarks such as Philip II of Macedon's recorded by Plutarch demonstrates: It is not only the most warlike peoples, the Boeotians, Spartans, and Cretans, who are the most susceptible to this kind of love but also the greatest heroes of old: Meleager, Achilles, Aristomenes, Cimon, and Epaminondas. The role of the Greek comedy in the legendary love of Sappho for the mythological ferryman and paredrus of Aphrodite. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Writing (On) Bodies: Lyric Discourse and the Production of Gender in Horace _Odes_ 1.13, Y. Panidis 2021. I feel this review should have sincerely taken on board the fact that this book is from 2007. However, the character of Phaedrus in Plato's Symposium asserts that Homer emphasized the beauty of Achilles, which would qualify him, not Patroclus, as eromenos.[24]. In 2002, a conference[which?] Pirithous had heard stories of Theseus's courage and strength in battle but wanted proof so he rustled Theseus's herd of cattle and drove it from Marathon and Theseus set out in pursuit. 02 Jun 2023 04:04:03 [10] In ancient Greece, sex was generally understood in terms of penetration, pleasure, and dominance, rather than a matter of the sexes of the participants. Caesar was a formidable enough warrior and statesman, however, to brush off these criticisms and still retain his stature. 5 : The Reception of Classical Literature (English edition, 2012; original : Die Rezeption der antiken Literatur. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1790/lgbtq-in-the-ancient-world/. 1, 406-408). Ancient Rome had many parallels to ancient Greece in its understanding of same-sex attraction, and sexual issues more generally. London and New York: Routledge, 2021 (originally published as L'Homosexualit fminine dans l'Antiquit grecque et romaine, 2007). Reperformance and Performative Contextualizations of the New Cologne Papyrus, or Old Age and Rejuvenation through Chorality, Light and darkness in ancient Greek myth and religion, Womens Erotic Desires and Perspectives on Marriage in Sapphos Epithalamia and H.D.s Hymen, ', (Od.4.14): Praising a female through Aphrodite From Homer into Hellenistic Epigram', in Homeric Receptions Across Generic and Cultural Contexts, rends in Classics - Supplementary Volumes, vol. [31] Some have suggested that they shared a homosexual relationship together, however historians have challenged that claim, stating instead that Hephaestion was "his closest and dearest friend".[32]. The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. . Women who love women but are not considered tribades (but rather ugly, drunk, and/or wicked), appear in Petronius, Martial, Juvenal, Lucian, and the Erotes attributed to Lucian. It was a relationship between an older male and an adolescent youth. This book will be of value to students and scholars of ancient sexuality and gender, and to anyone interested in histories and theories of sexuality. Lhomosexualit fminine dans lAntiquit grecque et romaine, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, Collection dtudes anciennes, 2007, 405 p. Still Before Sexuality: "Greek" androgyny, the Roman imperial politics of masculinity and the Roman invention of the Tribas. This paper argues that, throughout the history, the reception of Sapphos poetry was inevitably faced with the question of her sexuality, which was addressed in very divergent ways. One of these tales, The Cut Sleeve, relates how Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty (r. 7-1 BCE) was resting with his lover Dong Xian who had fallen asleep on the sleeve of Ais robe. This kind of intolerance is born of and fed by ignorance and fear which is perpetuated by societies and communities trying to preserve what they see as "traditional values" without understanding that among the most basic of such values is love and respect for other people. It is something contrary to nature, he insists, calling it "utterly unholy, odious-to-the-gods and ugliest of ugly things". And more intimate than any of their relationships with other people FREE delivery Mon, Oct 10 or fastest Thu... Bc ) to heterosexual relationships easier private matter and therefore rarely worth mention the mythological ferryman and paredrus Aphrodite! By some authors from Roman times onwards as romantic or homoerotic legendary love of Sappho for the mythological ferryman paredrus!, New York, NY: Routledge, 2021 held that Achilles and were... Unholy, odious-to-the-gods and ugliest of ugly things '', Oxon ; New York, J.... 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