nineveh was the capital of

By the 13th century, Nineveh was mostly ruins. The greatness of Nineveh was short-lived. Nahum celebrates the destruction of Nineveh by the Babylonians in 612BC. Most likely, it had been destroyed by the activities of later residents. "Nineveh." The Assyrians emerged from the period intact, however, and their empire grew under the reign of Tiglath Pileser I (r. c. 1115-1076 BCE). He laid out new streets and squares and built within it the South West Palace, or "palace without a rival", the plan of which has been mostly recovered and has overall dimensions of about 503 by 242 metres (1,650ft 794ft). An earthquake in 2260 BCE destroyed the first temple of Ishtar at Nineveh, possibly constructed by Sargon the Great, which was rebuilt by the Akkadian king Manishtusu (r. 2270-2255 BCE) who also added on to the city. Exploratory excavations were undertaken here by the. However, Nineveh had to wait for the neo-Assyrian kings, particularly from the time of Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883-859 B.C.E.) The ruin mound of Kuyunjiq rises about 20 metres (66ft) above the surrounding plain of the ancient city. Scholar Stephen Bertman describes it: The building's main axis was one-third of a mile in length. Archaeological discoveries from Nineveh include several palaces and temples, and impressive fortifications. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. An elaborate system of eighteen canals brought water from the hills to Nineveh, and several sections of a magnificently constructed aqueduct erected by Sennacherib were discovered at Jerwan, about 65 kilometres (40mi) distant. This was a strategic liability: the gates were so large that they provided little protection against enemy attacks. Nineveh was the capital of the powerful ancient Assyrian empire, located in modern-day northern Iraq. Learn how and when to remove this template message, set shows the campaign leading up to the siege of Lachish, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State, The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh, Kuyunjiq / Tell Nebi Yunis (ancient: Nineveh), Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24, "Jonah 4 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre", "Shelby White Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications Nineveh Publication Grant", "Officials: ISIS blows up Jonah's tomb in Iraq", "Exclusive Photos Show Destruction of Nineveh Gates by ISIS", "Archaeologists restoring monument damaged by Islamic State discover ancient stone carvings unseen for millennia", "ISIS 'bulldozed' ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud, Iraq says", "Iraqi Digital Investigation Team Confirms ISIS Destruction of Gate in Nineveh", "Cultural Assessment of Iraq: The State of Sites and Museums in Northern Iraq Nineveh", "Mosul dam engineers warn it could fail at any time, killing 1m people", "Iraq: Isis militants pledge to destroy remaining archaeological", "ISIL video shows destruction of 7th century artifacts", Christians of Iraq: Ba-oota d' Ninevayee or the Fast of the Ninevites, John Malcolm Russell, "Stolen stones: the modern sack of Nineveh", University of California Digital Nineveh Archives, Layard's Nineveh and its Remains- full text, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nineveh&oldid=1154372727, Mashki Gate ( ): Translated "Gate of the Water Carriers" (, Halzi Gate: Near the south end of the eastern city wall. The prophet Zephaniah also[42] predicts its destruction along with the fall of the empire of which it was the capital. The complete destruction of Nineveh has traditionally been seen as confirmed by the Hebrew Book of Ezekiel and the Greek Retreat of the Ten Thousand of Xenophon (d.354BC). Unfortunately, severe depredations have left few remains of these edifices. Since that time, the palace chambers have received significant damage by looters. Niebuhr wrote afterwards that "I did not learn that I was at so remarkable a spot, till near the river. Xenophon in the Anabasis recorded the name of the city as Mespila. One such event destroyed the first temple of Ishtar, which was rebuilt in 2260BC by the Akkadian king Manishtushu. The Book of Jonah was written between 500-400 BCE depicting events from hundreds of years earlier in the reign of the Hebrew King Jeroboam II (786-746 BCE). A number of cuneiform Elamite tablets have been found at Nineveh. [30][31] The attribution of Nineveh to Ashur is also supported by the Greek Septuagint, King James Bible, Geneva Bible, and by Roman historian Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews (Antiquities, i, vi, 4). The palaces and temples of Nineveh were further improved during the reign of Ashurbanipal (reigned 669c. The area was sparsely populated thereafter and, slowly, the ancient ruins became buried in earth. Nineveh - Mashki Gate. The Book of Jonah relates that Jonah's reason for initially fleeing from his prophetic duty was not fear, but that he knew that if the people of Nineveh repented, God would spare the city. This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins overlaid by c. one third by the Nebi Yunus suburbs of the city of eastern Mosul.[9]. The solid foundation was made out of limestone blocks and mud bricks; it was 22 meters tall. [26], The earliest piece of written evidence for the persistence of Nineveh as a settlement is possibly the Cyrus Cylinder of 539/538 BC, but the reading of this is disputed. When Esarhaddon died on campaign in Egypt his mother Zakutu (l. c. 728-c. 668 BCE) legitimized the succession of his son Ashurbanipal as the new king. The Amorites occupied Nineveh and added to the temple, leaving behind inscriptions recording other construction projects which were later demolished. Five of the gateways have been explored to some extent by archaeologists: By 2003, the site of Nineveh was exposed to decay of its reliefs by a lack of proper protective roofing, vandalism and looting holes dug into chamber floors. Nineveh, the last capital of Assyria, is situated on the east bank of the river Tigris, at the place where this stream is joined by the small river Khosr, which divides the town into a northern and a southern half. It comprised at least 80 rooms, of which many were lined with sculpture. Nineveh was not only a political capital, but home to one of the great libraries of Akkadian tablets and a recipient of tribute from across the near east, making it a valuable location to sack. In 1842, the French Consul General at Mosul, Paul-mile Botta, began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the river. This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins overlaid in parts by new suburbs of the city of Mosul, Iraq. Other versions give Nimrod as the founder.[1]. His successor Esarhaddon built an arsenal in the Nab Ynus mound, south of Quyunjik, and either he or his successor set up statues of the pharaoh Taharqa (Tarku) at its entrance as trophies to celebrate the conquest of Egypt. The hypothesis for the earlier period seems preferable, for metalwork advanced more rapidly in style in Mesopotamia at that period than did stone sculpture, and it is known from inscriptions that Sargons second son, Manishtusu, had built the temple of E-Mashmash at Nineveh by virtue of being the son of Sargon; thus, a model of the founder of the dynasty would have been appropriately placed there. 2279 bce). These excavations uncovered the royal palace of Sargon II (722705 B.C.E. In 2010, Global Heritage Fund listed the ruins among its Top Twelve endangered sites for these reasons among others. The structures internal walls featured 9880 feet of stone panels carved in bas-relief, that include pictorial records every step of the building process, including carving the statues and transporting them on a barge. [65][66] The work was continued from 1967 through 1971 by Tariq Madhloom. (, Genesis 10:11 attributes the founding of Nineveh to an, "The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 (Thames and Hudson), Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (later Sir Max) Mallowan, Thompson for the first time dug a shaft from the top of the Quyunjik (Acropolis), 90 feet (30 metres) above the level of the plain, down through strata of accumulated debris of earlier cultures to virgin soil. Omissions? From 1951 to 1958, Mohammed Ali Mustafa worked the site. In the Kuyunjik mound in 1849, Layard discovered the glorious edifice of Sennacherib, the "Palace without Rival," with many rooms and colossal bas-reliefs. The city grew dramatically in size, grandeur and fame under the reign of King Sennacherib who made Nineveh his capital. [25] There are no later cuneiform tablets in Akkadian from Nineveh. Nineveh is also mentioned in Rudyard Kipling's 1897 poem Recessional[86] and in Arthur O'Shaughnessy's 1873 poem Ode. [6] The city is considered the second largest city in Iraq in terms of population and area after the . In these levels also large metal vases occur, again characteristic of southern Babylonia, and technologically this district of the Tigris had much in common with the cities of the lower Euphrates valley at this period. Later monarchs whose inscriptions have appeared on the Acropolis include Shalmaneser I and Tiglath-pileser I, both of whom were active builders in Ashur; the former had founded Calah (Nimrd). In 612 BC the two armies converged on Nineveh. (2011, March 06). It was regarded highly by ancient writers other than those who created the biblical narratives which cast it in a negative light. Under the Umayyad dynasty, it eclipsed Nineveh, which was reduced to a Christian suburb with limited new construction. The enclosed area had more than 100,000 inhabitants, possibly as many as 150,000, about twice as many as Babylon at the time, and it became the largest settlement in the world shortly thereafter.[2]. He also founded the great library and ordered his scribes to collect and copy ancient texts throughout the country. The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [3] The original meaning of the name is unclear but may have referred to a patron goddess. King Shalmaneser I (r. 1274-1245 BCE, builder of the city of Kalhu) built a palace and temple at Nineveh, refurbished the city, and is thought to be responsible also for the first walls surrounding the settlement. The Assyrian Empire. Earthworks I threw up against him, and anyone coming out of his city gate I made pay for his crime. Nineveh (modern-day Mosul, Iraq) was one of the oldest and greatest cities in antiquity. In Sennacharib's time the total area of Nineveh comprised about 1,800 acres (seven km). The stone carvings in the walls include many battle scenes showing Sennacherib's men parading the spoils of war before him. He has had one hundred prisoners of war executed. Fourteen years after the death of Ashurbanipal, however, Nineveh suffered a defeat from which it never recovered. 02 Jun 2023. Sennacherib - his face deliberately damaged in antiquity - presides over captives from the Levantine city of Lachish. The Sargonid Dynasty was the last ruling house of the Neo-Assyrian Nineveh | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Historical city travel guide: Nineveh, 7th century BC | British Museum, Paradise on earth: the gardens of Ashurbanipal | British Museum, A History of the Ancient Near East ca. Their typology conforms exactly with that of Uruk (Erech) pottery, widespread throughout the TigrisEuphrates valley in the late 4th millennium. His cities which I had plundered I had cut off from his land."[21]. Nineveh is also the name of the modern Iraqi province in which the ancient city is located. Related Content They also threatened to destroy artifacts. Nineveh's greatness was short-lived, however. This, the finest piece of metal sculpture ever recovered from Mesopotamia, may represent the famous king Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334c. In the Bible, it was the site of Jonah's famous preaching after escaping the belly of a great fish. At this time the total area of Nineveh comprised about 1,800 acres (700 hectares), and 15 great gates penetrated its walls. Nineveh is also the setting of the Book of Tobit. by the Medes. Nineveh itself was founded as early as 6000BC during the late Neolithic period. The name appears to be compounded from that of an Assyrian deity "Nin," corresponding, it is conjectured, with the Greek Hercules, and occurring in the names of several Assyrian kings, as in "Ninus," the mythic founder, according to Greek tradition of the city. Definition: capital of Assyr NAS Exhaustive Concordance Word Origin of foreign or Definition capital of Assyr. Nimrud (/ n m r u d /; Syriac: Arabic: ) is an ancient Assyrian city (original Assyrian name Kalhu, biblical name Calah) located in Iraq, 30 kilometres (20 mi) south of the city of Mosul, and 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of the village of Selamiyah (Arabic: ), in the Nineveh Plains in Upper Mesopotamia.It was a major Assyrian city between . It was regarded highly by ancient writers other than those who created the biblical narratives which cast it in a negative light. The city's walls featured 15 great gates. This early city (and subsequent buildings) were constructed on a fault line and, consequently, suffered damage from a number of earthquakes. Location. Sennacherib was the son and successor of Sargon II . In the nineteenth century, the French consul at Mosul began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the river. (186). After World War II, several excavations were carried out by Iraqi archaeologists. Texts from the Hellenistic period later offered an eponymous Ninus as the founder of (Ninopolis), although there is no historical basis for this. Later, it was also found in the nearby Hamrin Basin, and in Luristan. This was in fulfillment of the prophet Nahum's prediction that God would completely destroy the city ( Nahum 1 ). President, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 197078. The Assyrian city of Nineveh became one of Mitanni's vassals for half a century until the early 14th century BC. But Jonah was greatly displeased and became angry. At this time the Hatti regained their autonomy in the region briefly until they were overrun by the Assyrians and Amorites. " So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned, and dwelt at Nineveh .". If correctly read as Nineveh, it indicates that Cyrus the Great restored the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh and probably encouraged resettlement. In the Book of Jonah (3:3) it is referred to as "an exceedingly great city, three days' journey" (from one end to the other). Ancient Nineveh's mound-ruins (3622'N 4309'E), known as Kouyunjik and Nab Ynus are located on a level part of the plain near the junction of the Tigris and the Khosr Rivers within an 1800-acre area circumscribed by a 12 km long (7.5 mile) brick rampart. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Answer Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, was destroyed in 612 B.C. These people, who built their great capital at Hattusa, most likely constructed the first city of Nineveh (though what it was called then is unknown). North of the Khosr, the site is called Kuyunjiq, including the acropolis of Tell Kuyunjiq; the illegal village of Rahmaniye lay in eastern Kuyunjiq. (231). Some of the principal doorways were flanked by colossal stone door figures weighing up to 30 tons. Nineveh. Home to a majority Sunni Arab population and an ethnically diverse minority of Kurds and Assyrian Christians, it is the site of the oil processing center of Mosul and plays a large role in Iraqi politics. Beads found in these strata may be dated c. 2900 bce. [22] The enclosed area had more than 100,000 inhabitants (maybe closer to 150,000), about twice as many as Babylon at the time, placing it among the largest settlements worldwide. It was originally known as Ninua, a trade center, and would become one of the largest and most affluent cities in antiquity. During the Late Chalcolithic period Nineveh was part one of the few Ubaid villages in Upper Mesopotamia which became a proto-city Ugarit, Brak, Hamoukar, Arbela, Alep, and regionally at Susa, Eridu, Nippur. Five of the gateways have been explored to some extent by archaeologists: The ruin mound of Kuyunjik rises about 20 meters above the surrounding plain of the ancient city. Its ruin and utter desolation are foretold (Nahum 1:14; Nahum 3:19). Evidence does not show that the early Assyrian monarchs built extensively in Nineveh during the second millennium B.C.E. Palace after palace was discovered, with their decorations and their sculptured slabs, revealing the life and manners of this ancient people, their arts of war and peace, the forms of their religion, the style of their architecture, and the magnificence of their monarchs. [50], The location of Nineveh was known, to some, continuously through the Middle Ages. In the days of the Greek historian Herodotus, 400 B.C.E., Nineveh had become a thing of the past; and when Xenophon the historian passed the place in the Retreat of the Ten Thousand the very memory of its name had been lost. Nebi Yunus, located about one kilometer south of Kuyunjik, is the secondary ruin mound at Nineveh. The site of ancient Nineveh is bisected by the Khosr river. [15] Iraqi Scarlet Ware culture also belongs to this period; this colourful painted pottery is somewhat similar to Jemdet Nasr ware. These were transported 50 kilometres (31mi) from quarries at Balatai, and they had to be lifted up 20 metres (66ft) once they arrived at the site, presumably by a ramp. It may have been called Hesn Ebry (Jews' Fort). The regions which were subject to Assyrian rule had been trying to break free for years and, finally, they saw their chance. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Excavations in 1990 revealed a monumental entryway consisting of a number of large inscribed orthostats (stone slabs set at the base of a wall) and "bull-man" sculptures, some apparently unfinished. Mary Harrsch (Photographed at the the Univ. After a long struggle the town is conquered by Median and Babylonian troops led by prince Arbaces and priest Belesis. Once the statues arrived at their destination, the final carving was done. The city was destroyed in 612 BCE by a coalition led by Babylonians and Medes which toppled the Assyrian Empire. A statue of Hermes has been found and a Greek inscription attached to a shrine of the Sebitti. It was buried out of sight. and was razed to the ground. Nineveh was located at the intersection of important north-south and east-west trade routes, and its proximity to a tributary of the Tigris, the Khawar River, added to the value of the fertile agricultural and pastoral lands in the district. NASB Translation Nineveh (17). Although the Books of Kings and Chronicles say a great deal about the Assyrian Empire, Nineveh itself is not mentioned again until the Book of Jonah, when it is described (Jonah 3:3 ff; 4:11) as an "exceeding great city of three days' journey," probably referring to its circumference. Ashurbanipal died in 627 BCE and his sons fought for control of the throne. Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: A preliminary report". the Assyrian empire began to show signs of weakness, and Nineveh was attacked by the Medes, who about 625 B.C.E., joined by the Babylonians and Susianians, again attacked it. Some of the artifacts sold and/or destroyed were from Nineveh. The Neo-Assyrian levels of Kuyunjiq have been extensively explored. Nineveh's fall was so important because, for a time, it was the greatest city in the ancient world as it served as a source of inspiration and awe for Assyrians and non-Assyrians alike throughout the region. Answer The word of the Lord came to Jonah with the command to preach against the wickedness of Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Kingdom ( Jonah 1:1-2 ). City as Mespila, they saw their chance ( ruled 883-859 B.C.E. and Babylonian troops led by Babylonians Medes..., which was rebuilt in 2260BC by the 13th century, Nineveh had to wait for the kings! 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