when was the kapp putsch

The paramilitary forces were in close contact with right-wing officers in the regular army who provided them with arms and looked upon them as a reserve for the day when they would rise to destroy the republic and avenge the defeat of 1918. Closely linked with these groups were paramilitary organizations under a variety of names, drawing their membership largely from ex-servicemen (many of whom had served in the Freikorps after the war). 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Only then did the brigade leave Berlin. Eric D. Weitz (2005). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Ebert had also asked Noske to attend. Gleiche Bestimmungen galten fr die linken Aufstndischen. Beide Beschlsse wurden mit Mehrheit, nicht einstimmig gefasst. Mrz ihre Haltung vom Vortag und rief zur Beteiligung am Generalstreik auf. The German government had repeatedly used Freikorp troops to put down Communist uprisings after the war. [12] In Bavaria, the Reichswehr toppled the Social Democratic state government and replaced it with the right-wing regime of Gustav Ritter von Kahr. This was reported to Noske who met with Ebert. Am 26. Dokumente by Erwin Knnemann, Gerhard Schulz" (in German). [5]:51 To defend the government, Noske ordered two regiments of Sicherheitspolizei and one regular regiment to take position in the government quarter. Lttwitz gave the order and Ehrhardt began with the preparations. Genossen! Wir paktieren nicht mit den Baltikumsverbrechern! Die meisten Putschisten waren aktive Reichswehrangehrige oder ehemalige Angehrige der alten Armee und Marine, insbesondere der Marinebrigade Ehrhardt, die sich nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg in reaktionren Freikorps organisierten, sowie Mitglieder der Deutschnationalen Volkspartei (DNVP). The attempt by Wolfgang Kapp (18581922), a right-wing Prussian landowner and politician, to overthrow the Weimar Republic and restore the German monarchy. Als Gewinner gingen aus der Wahl sowohl die USPD als auch die DNVP und die DVP hervor. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2023. It was the cause of the left-wing Ruhr Uprising, which the government later militarily suppressed, whilst dealing leniently with those behind the putsch. The latter numbered about 5,000-6,000 men and was stationed at the Truppenbungsplatz Dberitz, near Berlin, since January 1920. [3]:231, Kapp remained in the country and only fled to Sweden in April. Among them was even the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt. The new Germany faced huge problems, not least those caused by its punishment in the. Der Putschversuch brachte das republikanische Deutsche Reich an den Rand eines Brgerkrieges und zwang die sozialdemokratischen Mitglieder der Reichsregierung zur Flucht aus Berlin. Ebert had also asked Noske to attend. Auf der anderen Seite hie es: Bei der Strafzumessung sind dem Angeklagten Traugott von Jagow, der unter dem Bann selbstloser Vaterlandsliebe und eines verfhrerischen Augenblicks dem Rufe von Kapp gefolgt ist, mildernde Umstnde zugebilligt worden.. Lttwitz listened to and remembered their ideas, but was not dissuaded from his course of action. [3]:224225, The government, forced to abandon Berlin, moved to Dresden, where they hoped to get support from Generalmajor Maercker. Zudem war die Frage der Grenzen des Reiches im Osten noch nicht geklrt; polnische Nationalisten versuchten in Aufstnden in Oberschlesien vor den anstehenden Volksabstimmungen Tatsachen zugunsten Polens zu schaffen. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the short run they did not succeed because of ineptitude and miscalculation; in the long run they failed because the government sponsored a currency reform that restabilized the mark and also decided to end its policy of passive resistance in the Ruhr in exchange for an end to the occupation and a rescheduling of the reparation payments that it owed to the Allies. Kapp's proclamation as quoted in Waite R.,(1952), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Kapp&oldid=1136938475, German National People's Party politicians, Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with German-language sources (de), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 February 2023, at 23:29. Hermann Mller (SPD) replaced Bauer as Chancellor. He led X Corps from 22 December 1915 to 20 August 1916 and participated in the Second Battle of Champagne. Early life By the end of the agonising ordeal, 11 Israeli athletes and coaches had been killed, and one German police officer. He was met by striking workers at the airport and had to disguise himself. After Germany lost World War One, the Kaiser fled and a new democratic government of Germany was declared in February 1919 at the small town of Weimar. But his commanders now deserted him. pp. There was fierce fighting between workers and army and Freikorps units before the revolt was suppressed at the beginning of April. Insbesondere kmpften die sogenannten Baltikum-Freikorps (aus denen sich die Marinebrigade Ehrhardt zu einem Teil zusammensetzte) zusammen mit der Baltischen Landeswehr auch nach dem Krieg weiterhin gegen die vorrckende Rote Armee Sowjetrusslands. Der Kommandierende General des Reichswehr-Gruppenkommandos 1 in Berlin, Walther Freiherr von Lttwitz, stellte sich an die Spitze der militrischen Opposition gegen die Regierung. Zudem war die Frage der Grenzen des Reiches im Osten noch nicht geklrt; polnische Nationalisten versuchten in Aufstnden in Oberschlesien vor den anstehenden Volksabstimmungen Tatsachen zugunsten Polens zu schaffen. Am 21. Schneidet dieser reaktionren Clique die Luft ab! Right-wing nationalist and militarist circles opposed the new republic and promoted the stab-in-the-back myth, claiming that the war had been lost only because the brave efforts of the undefeated German military had been undermined by civilians at home.[1]. Die chaotischen Ablufe in der Vereinigten Presseabteilung der Reichsregierung whrend des Putsches dokumentierte noch 1920 der dortige Beamte Karl Brammer.[13]. [8] Mit am Putsch beteiligt waren der ehemalige Berliner Polizeiprsident Traugott von Jagow, Oberst Max Bauer, Hauptmann Waldemar Pabst und der Pfarrer und DNVP-Politiker Gottfried Traub. [3]:220, The reluctance to shed blood was one-sided, however. When Kapp formed a government with the help of Erich Ludendorff, Germanys World War I chief of staff, the legitimate republican regime, having been denied the support of the army, fled to southern Germany. Wolfgang Kapp, (born July 24, 1858, New York, N.Y., U.S.died June 12, 1922, Leipzig, Ger. [7]:26 Lttwitz served as commander of the armed forces and Minister of Defence. The occupation occurred in retaliation for Germanys having fallen behind in its reparation payments and was intended to force German industry to provide compensation for the French and Belgian losses. Streikt! The Marinebrigade Ehrhardt was dissolved in May 1920, but most of its members were allowed to join the Reichswehr where they had successful careers. Free Corps soldiers during their efforts to overthrow the Weimar government and restore the monarchy in an attempted coup known as the Kapp Putsch in March 1920. Fr die bei den Kmpfen an zahlreichen Orten im Deutschen Reich ums Leben gekommenen Aufstndischen, Soldaten, Polizisten und Zivilisten, die die Republik verteidigt hatten, wurden bereits in den ersten Jahren danach Gedenkorte und Denkmale eingerichtet. He planned to defy these stipulations of the treaty. : a secretly plotted and suddenly executed attempt to overthrow a government Did you know? [4], Lttwitz died on 20 September 1942 in Breslau.[4]. It was the most powerful strike ever in Germany, involving up to 12 million workers,[13] the country ground to a halt. [3][4] He was called "Father of the Freikorps" as he relied heavily on these paramilitary units in late 1918 and early 1919 after the regular troops had turned out to be unreliable. By 22 March, the whole Ruhr area was under the control of the revolutionary workers. He became an exponent of the Stab-in-the-back myth and a vehement critic of the Treaty of Versailles. Since the reason for their creationdefending against internal enemieshad become obsolete with the crushing of the leftist uprisings, they were increasingly becoming themselves a threat to the government. Idle workers were paid during the following months with a currency inflating so rapidly that printers gave up trying to print numbers on bills. A lifetime of savings would no longer buy a subway ticket. Kapp was born in New York City where his father Friedrich Kapp, a political activist and later Reichstag delegate for the National Liberal Party, had settled after the failed European revolutions of 1848. Einen groen Anteil am Scheitern des Putsches hatte, neben der Verweigerung der Regierungsbrokratie und der Uneinigkeit der Militrs ber die eigentliche Zielsetzung des Putsches, der folgende Generalstreik, der grte in der deutschen Geschichte. On 17 March it took Dortmund, on 18 March Hamm and Bochum and on 19 March Essen, causing the local Wehrkreiskommando at Mnster to order a withdrawal. [3]:229,233, As another result, the putsch left a rump of military conspirators such as Pabst and Ehrhardt, who found refuge in Bavaria under the right-wing government of Gustav von Kahr (itself an indirect product of the Kapp-Lttwitz Putsch) and there attempted to organize plots against the republican constitution and government of Germany. Out of 775 court martials, 486 cases were closed. Nach der Eroberung der lettischen Hauptstadt Riga im lettischen Unabhngigkeitskrieg im Mai 1919 galt der Auftrag als erfolgreich erfllt. Walther Karl Friedrich Ernst Emil Freiherr[1] von Lttwitz[2] (2 February 1859 20 September 1942) was a German general who fought in World War I. Lttwitz is best known for being the driving force behind the KappLttwitz Putsch of 1920 which attempted to replace the democratic government of the Weimar Republic with a military dictatorship. Updates? [7]:26 He used a passport provided by supporters in the Berlin police department. Tools The Kapp Putsch ( German pronunciation: [kappt] ( listen) ), also known as the Kapp-Lttwitz Putsch ( German pronunciation: [kapltvtspt] ( listen) ), was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920. "[2]:26, Noske, depressed enough by the disloyalty of the military to speak about suicide to an aide, reported to the cabinet at 4 am. Die politische Fhrung sollte der preuische Generallandschaftsdirektor Wolfgang Kapp bernehmen, der im Krieg Grndungsmitglied der Deutschen Vaterlandspartei gewesen war. [3], Although the putsch received support from military commanders and other conservative and monarchistic groups around the Reich, the rank and file of the bureaucracy mostly refused to cooperate. [10] Seeckt meldete sich zu Beginn des Putsches krank und beteiligte sich von zu Hause aus insgeheim an dessen Liquidierung. After negotiations with those members of the legitimate government who had remained in Berlin, Kapp resigned on 17 March, but Lttwitz tried to hold on for another day as head of a military dictatorship. Der Westdeutsche Rundfunk Kln, WDR sendete am 9. Doch die verantwortlichen Offiziere dieser drei Regimenter teilten noch in derselben Nacht den anderen in und um Berlin stehenden Truppenteilen mit, dass sie nicht gewillt seien, Noskes Befehl zur Verteidigung der Regierungsgebude Folge zu leisten. In what became known as the Ruhr Uprising, a Red Ruhr Army was on the offensive. [2]:26 The government then tried to negotiate with the armed workers who refused to lay down their arms after the unions called off the strike on 22 March. This so-called Kapp Putsch, named after the conservative politician Wolfgang Kapp, who had planned it, was thwarted not by the army but by a general strike of Berlins socialist and communist workers. All Rights Reserved. [18][19] General Reinhardt also resigned out of protest at Noske's dismissal. Der Putschversuch richtete sich gegen die von SPD, Zentrum und DDP getragene Regierung unter Gustav Bauer (SPD). Unvorbereitet und improvisiert war auch die Kommunikation mit Presse und Bevlkerung sowie die Handhabung von Zeitungsverboten und Zensur. When the coup d'tat failed Kapp fled to Sweden. The Kapp Putsch took place in Weimar Germany in March 1920. The most important practical consequence was the conclusion of secret agreements between the German and Soviet armies, which allowed German officers and units to acquire experience with the Red Army. The Treaty of Versailles, quickly labeled the Diktat by the German public, galvanized the resentment that had accumulated during the war, much of which was turned back on the republic itself. Since the group's own planning was not yet complete, they were not ready. According to the constitution, the president was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, represented in peace time by the Minister of Defence. The memorial was commissioned by the Weimar Gewerkschaftskartell (Union Cartel) and built according to plans submitted to a competition by the architectural office of Walter Gropius. [3]:224[11] Admiral Adolf von Trotha, the navy's commander came out in support of the coup as soon as he learned of it. General Seeckt became his successor as Chef der Heeresleitung. The attempted coup was thwarted by public opposition, divisions within the military and misjudgements by those who initiated it. Thus, 1920 marked the end of the brief period during which the Social Democrats were the dominant party in the republic. He died in custody in Leipzig shortly afterwards of cancer.[3]. Wolfgang Kapp, (born July 24, 1858, New York, N.Y., U.S.died June 12, 1922, Leipzig, Ger. Einzelne Bezirke der Partei beteiligten sich zu der Zeit bereits am Streik. 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