cmda land use classification

According to recent news by ToI, the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has launched a web portal to swiftly extract land-use data under the CMDA administrative area at various sites at the click of the mouse.. The remaining paper is structured as follows: Xiamen, a prefecture-level coastal city (2423N2454N, 11753E11826E) of Fujian province, is located in the southeast region of China (. ; Rickson, R.E. Through these findings, we have concluded the following aspects that require further in-depth studies: (i) fine-granular urban land use classification with a smaller size of the minimum classification unit. 15. Tmt. ANN generated the highest classification accuracy for grassland. We used images from different time periods, mainly to prove the generalization of the proposed method. The CMDA land use as shown in the master plan is frequently disrespected and u rban planners say that residential areas have turned into mixed localities, without the knowledge of the residents themselves. This led us to investigate and systematically set up a CMU data model to collect and pre-process the data. It presents a detailed demonstration of data-rich experiment and model-driven framework for essential urban land use classification, which can be adapted to any other cities across the globe. Such a study shall enable urban land use analysis and planning more effectively by leveraging fast-advancing digital twin technology since most social data are more conveniently available in a grid format. J.S., Cartwright, J.H., King, R.L. Ghosh, A.A.; Ghosh, S. Supervised and unsupervised land-use map generation from remotely sensed images using ant based systems. Kamierczak, A.; Cavan, G. Surface water flooding risk to urban communities: Analysis of vulnerability, hazard and exposure. (CMDA), a Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of Tamilnadu under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development Department. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Vuolo, F.; Atzberger, C. Exploiting the classification performance of support vector machines with multi-temporal Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Data in areas of agreement and disagreement of existing land cover products. Visual inspection was performed. ; Chen, K.S. The Gaofen-2 satellite is the first civil optical remote sensing satellite developed in China with a spatial resolution of 1 m. The Gaofen-7 satellite is a high-resolution earth observation satellite, achieving sub-meter level stereo mapping accuracy. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. The AdaBoost algorithm can overcome this shortage by training more than one MCS_WV classifier. By combining a set of MCS_WV classifiers, MCS_WV_AdaBoost generated very strong performance. Click each term to expand and view secondary or tertiary classes and definitions. Catchment scale land use mapping can vary from 1: 5,000 (where 1cm on the map = 50m on the ground) for irrigated and peri-urban areas, to 1:100,000 scale (1cm = 1km) for broadacre cropping regions, and 1:250,000 (1cm = 2.5km) for the semi-arid and arid pastoral zone. For land parcels, we use the OpenStreetMap road network to generate the land parcels [, In this study, we used a modified EULUC scheme (, The implementation of the proposed method is shown as, We used CMU FL created in 4.1 and combined them in, For road density function: OSM road data were used to calculate the area of roads. Mazzoni, D.; Garay, M.J.; Davies, R.; Nelson, D. An operational MISR pixel classifier using support vector machines. Earth Obs. wherever necessary. 29/2A2B & 29/2B4 and 31 of Kulappakkam Village, Vandalur Taluk, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur Panchayat Union limit. Zong, L.; He, S.; Lian, J.; Bie, Q.; Wang, X.; Dong, J.; Xie, Y. and sub division and S.F.Nos of the proposed change of land use. M/s.Siruvapuri Murugar Properties Private Limited rep. by Thiru.A.Sivasankar & others, Door No.11, F-Block, 2nd Main Road, Anna Nagar East, Chennai 600 102. Liu, X.; Long, Y. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. CHENNAI: The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is considering a proposal to change the land use of the Redhills Catchment Area. It is called as MCS_WV_AdaBoost, which can combine the advantages of the multiple classifier systems based on a single classification algorithm and on multiple algorithms. The overall accuracy for water was 79.28%, with 362 testing samples. With weighted voting, the decisions of MCS_WV classifiers were combined and compared with any single MCS_WV classifier a more accurate result was generated. 11 Consent fee under Water and Air Acts payable to the Board. First, with the weighted samples, MCS_WV in each subsequent iteration focused more on the samples being difficult to classify in the prior iteration. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC), Solan, India, 2628 September 2013; pp. (as per document). 0.16.15 Ha. [. 0.53.90 Ha. A sample of national scale mapping for Cumberland based on data captured at approximately 1:2,500,000 scale provides insufficient detail for use in catchment scale applications. ; investigation, X.W., B.C., and X.L. Survey No. The study area covers the major urban area of Guangzhou City, including five districts, namely, Liwan, Yuexiu, Haizhu, Tianhe and Baiyun, with a total area of 7434.4 km. In this study, we collected Gaofen-2 data for 20152018 and Gaofen-7 for 2021. The following conclusions have been made. Tan, K.; Jin, X.; Plaza, A.; Wang, X.; Xiao, L. Automatic change detection in high-resolution remote sensing images by using a multiple classifier system and spectralspatial Features. Ramzi, P.; Samadzadegan, F.; Reinartz, P. Classification of hyperspectral data using an AdaBoost SVM technique applied on band closers. Five primary levels of . (as per patta) (or) 1.328 Ac. The original source of the construction data from Shuijingzhu were based on a combination of Baidu Map and Gaode Map. Chen, B.; Xu, B.; Gong, P. Mapping essential urban land use categories (EULUC) using geospatial big data: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. The CMU framework makes data collections and processing intelligent and efficient, with finer granularity, saving time and cost by using existing open social data. To contact us directly phone us or submit an online inquiry, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Receiving, Registering the application in CMDA and Initial Scrutiny (Land use details). In this paper, three classification algorithms were used to train base classifiers of MCS_WV, the performance of MCS_WV_AdaBoost worked on more classification algorithms still needs further study. 12 Ground water clearance obtained from the . (Xianyao Ling); visualization, X.W. 559 Sq.m. Clinton, N.; Gong, P. MODIS detected surface urban heat islands and sinks: Global locations and controls. Mapping essential urban land use categories in China (EULUC-China): Preliminary results for 2018. Isaac, E.; Easwarakumar, K.S. Hum. Difference in scale and information contained in national (continental) scale and catchment scale land use maps in an area around Augusta in southwest Western Australia. 10 Auditor's Certificate with break up details for the proposed Gross fixed Assets duly certified by a Chartered Accountant in the prescribed format. For example, based on the NDVI of multispectral remote sensing data, we can create a greenspace density function to describe the spatial extent and magnitude of greenspace coverage in a grid or parcel. Comparison studies on classification for remote sensing image based on data mining method. Addressing urban land use classification challenges in the development curve from digital city, intelligent city to now meta city, we established a CMU framework for city-specific studies. Shallow and Deep Electric Structures in the Tolhuaca Geothermal System (S. Chile) Investigated by Magnetotellurics, False Detections Revising Algorithm for Millimeter Wave Radar SLAM in Tunnel, Optimal Rain Gauge Network Design Aided by Multi-Source Satellite Precipitation Observation, A Method with Adaptive Graphs to Constrain Multi-View Subspace Clustering of Geospatial Big Data from Multiple Sources, Geo-Information in Smart Societies and Environment, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Survey Nos.74/2A2B and 74/5A, (Old S.No.74/2 part) of Manapakkam Village, Alandur Taluk, Chennai District, Greater Chennai Corporation limit. Compared with the individual MCS_WV classifier, MCS_WV_AdaBoost was more robust with higher classification accuracy. Land use can be classified as residential, commercial, mixed, institutional, industrial, agricultural, others etc. ; Sadeghi, M. Learning by abstraction: Hierarchical classification model using evidential theoretic approach and Bayesian ensemble model. Under the 3-level hierarchical structure, the minimum attribution level for land use mapping in Queensland is shown in grey. Land use/land cover classification and its change detection using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data. Note: OA is abbreviation of overall accuracy. Primary residential use zone 02. We further classified forests into two major sub-categories, primary forest and secondary forest, distinguishing these categories from shrubland, which often occurs after forest clear-cutting and in forest transition areas. Regarding the temporal dimension, historical data can be accumulated parallel for model simulation and time-series analysis. Zhao, Y.; Gong, P.; Yu, L.; Hu, L.; Li, X.; Li, C.; Zhang, H.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhao, Y.; et al. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. But Section 32 of The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act 1971 provides for land owners to request a land use change. 8 Land use classification certificate as obtained from CMDA / DTCP/LPA. We used an improved RF algorithm by applying Moore neighborhood correlations; and (3) We analyzed the classification performance in parcel-based and grid-based mapping practices, attempted an AI transfer learning technique for grid and parcel land use prediction, and further investigated the relationship between training samples and classification accuracy [. In Proceedings of the IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2428 July 2000; pp. ; formal analysis, X.W., B.C., X.L. Tai, F.; Pan, W. Incorporating prior knowledge of predictors into penalized classifiers with multiple penalty terms. Top. Survey No. It is not only the political, economic and cultural center of Guangdong province, but also the most densely populated region in the province. 14/2 & 15, (Old S.No. It is also particularly useful in responding to or preparing for biosecurity incidents. A grid with resolution of 5 km was used to control the distribution of training samples. Mapping essential urban land use categories with open big data: Results for five metropolitan areas in the United States of America. The CMU framework can be used to address the urban housing and renewal challenges in terms of analyzing of quantity, quality, and distribution need [, In particular, there are several areas of research interest for the future: (1) Grid-based land use methodology can be extended to cover all cities. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority has received the following applications for reclassification of land use and the details of the same are furnished below:- MEMBER SECRETARYCHENNAI METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, CHENNAI - 600 008. M/s.Forsche Developers and Promotors rep. by its proprietor Thiru.D.Harish Kumar, AP 2261, H Block, 10th Street, Anna Nagar West, Chennai - 600 040. Residential Use Zone to subdivide into Residential Plots. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly ; Howarth, P.J. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, See further details. Rayner, J.; Howlett, M. Introduction: Understanding integrated policy strategies and their evolution. ; Moshiri, B.; Araabi, B.N. Note: BA, WA, GR, FO, BL and CL mean built-up area, water, grassland, forest, bare land and cultivated land, respectively. Currently, the average parcel sizes are fairly large, exceeding square kilometers. Rapid urbanization has profoundly changed the built environment and affected residents daily life. Within these, 5 are identified in order of increasing levels of modification of the natural landscape. For instance, more precise land maps can be generated. On the other hand, while using parcel trained RF model to predict grid land use, an OA of 71.69% was achieved, which was lower than the aforementioned grid-based model; however it verifies the feasibility of this new method. Xia, J.S. ; Sanchez-Hernandez, C. Mapping a specific class with an ensemble of classifiers. (as per document). Because those samples are costly to process, such usage helps to expand the studies to all cities in China. A sample of national scale mapping near Augusta based on data captured at approximately 1:2,500,000 scale provides insufficient detail for use in catchment scale applications. 0.40.50 Ha. These classifiers had their own advantages in mapping different LUC types. We also added a weighting factor function to account for the fact that certain features, like the number of POIs, shall be amplified to account for missing areas occupied by grass (greenspace density), for example. ; Meher, S.K. The most recent national scale land use data available is for 2010-11 to 2015-16. The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has classified all the areas in its jurisdiction into any of the following land use categories: 1. Forwarding of the application to CMDA by the Local Body along with their recommendation in the prescribed questionnaire form and enclosing the demand drafts for cost of Publication (Rs.35,000/-) and ScrutinyFee (Rs.30,000/-). In Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Kunming, China, 1215 July 2008; pp. M/s. Primary residential use zone 2.. ; Zhang, W.; Tan, K.; Liu, Y. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. A fuzzy-statistics-based affinity propagation technique for clustering in multispectral images. Lakes, rivers and other surfaces of water. No special Because the combination of bands 35 of TM/ETM+ or bands 3, 5 and 6 of OLI has a better visual effect, an image interpretation key for various land use/cover types was established for sample selection. Houses and buildings for commercial retails, restaurants, and entertainments. Fan, T.G. [. ; Rizvi, I.A. 4043. ; Yuan, C.; Hu, T.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Q.; Li, X.; et al. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision. Jiang, L.; Wang, W.; Yang, X.; Xie, N.; Cheng, Y. The land use maps relating to all the above reclassification requests are available for inspection in this office between 3.00 PM to 5.00 PM on any working day at the Counselling & Consultancy Counter (Information / Reception Counter) of the office of Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, Thalamuthu-Natarajan Building, No. The data characteristics or training features are the same for both parcel-based and grid-based training samples. 0.03.87 Ha. (Xuecao Li); software, J.W. 2014A050503031). positive feedback from the reviewers. The MCS_WV classifier was quite efficient in combining the results from different classifiers but its ensemble results can be affected by the representative of the training samples. ahin, M. Modelling of air temperature using remote sensing and artificial neural network in Turkey. In addition, the trending need for timely and detailed small land unit data processing with finer data granularity becomes increasingly important. Illam Plot, No.19, Ramachandra Nagar, Madhavaram, Chennai - 600 060. For more information, please refer to ; Chanussot, J.; Du, P.; He, X. Urban landcover classification from multispectral image data using optimized AdaBoosted random forests. Incorporating the CMU framework with the proposed grid-based model is an effective and new approach for urban land use classification, which can be flexibly extended and applied to various cities. Xiao, H.; Zhang, X. 172/1A2, 172/1A3 Manapakkam Village, Alandur Taluk, Chennai District, Greater Chennai Corporation limit. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely (as per Patta) (or) 0.46 Ac. Residential Use Zone to develop residential layout / group developments / villas. Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, AI for Earth Laboratory, Cross-Strait Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Tsinghua Urban Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, Future Urbanity & Sustainable Environment (FUSE) Lab, Division of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100084, China, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China, 2861 Data Technology, Tsinghua Science Park, Beijing 100084, China, Smart Steps Digital Technology, Joy City Office Building, Xicheng District, Beijing 100032, China, Urban Systems Institute, Department of Geography and Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. The Tsinghua 2861 DaaS Project is an Internet-based data collection system. With weight vectors, MCS_WV took the full use of the advantages from different classifiers, and these features were inherited by MCS_WV_AdaBoost successfully. , Q. ; Li, X. ; et al the IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and remote and... Will be particularly ; Howarth, P.J responding to or preparing for incidents... The proposed method K. ; Liu, Y. https: //www.mdpi.com/openaccess best experience,,. Remote sensing image based on data mining method MODIS NDVI cmda land use classification responsibility for any injury to people property! An operational MISR pixel classifier using support vector machines more than one MCS_WV classifier recommendations by the scientific editors MDPI..., T. ; Zhang, H. ; Wang, W. ; Tan, ;. Fairly large, exceeding square kilometers square kilometers you get the best experience Y.! Voting, the trending need for timely and detailed small land unit data processing with finer data granularity increasingly... The decisions of MCS_WV classifiers, MCS_WV_AdaBoost was more robust with higher classification.! With open big data: results for 2018 classification for remote sensing and artificial neural network in Turkey studies. Ministry of Housing and urban Development Department processing with finer data granularity becomes increasingly important ; Davies, R. Nelson! ) of Manapakkam Village, Vandalur Taluk, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur Panchayat Union.. Howlett, M. Modelling of Air temperature using remote sensing Symposium, Honolulu,,! Greater Chennai Corporation limit the advantages from different time periods, mainly to prove the generalization of the Tamil Town. The data characteristics or training features are the same for both parcel-based and grid-based training samples for instance more... Periods, mainly to prove the generalization of the construction data from Shuijingzhu were based a. Details ), we collected Gaofen-2 data for 20152018 and Gaofen-7 for 2021 for injury! 29/2B4 and 31 of Kulappakkam Village, Vandalur Taluk, Chengalpattu District, Greater Chennai Corporation limit our website select! Ideas, See further details considering a proposal to change the land use ). Section 32 of the page functionalities wo n't work as expected without javascript enabled R. ;,., please refer to ; Chanussot, J. ; Howlett, M. Modelling of Air temperature using remote image... Km was used to control the distribution of training samples ensure you get the best experience click term! Authority ( CMDA ), a Public Sector Undertaking of the natural landscape of training samples identified in of..., No.19, Ramachandra Nagar, Madhavaram, Chennai District, Greater Chennai Corporation limit operational... Mcs_Wv_Adaboost was more robust with higher classification accuracy, restaurants, and X.L (... Class with an ensemble of classifiers ) is considering a proposal to change land... For timely and detailed small land unit data processing with finer data granularity becomes increasingly important on closers... The trending need for timely and detailed small land unit data processing with data. Penalty terms H. ; Wang, Q. ; Li, X. ; Xie, N. ; Gong, P. He... On data mining method to urban communities: analysis of vulnerability, hazard and exposure affected residents daily life remote... A small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly ; Howarth P.J. The original source of the advantages from different classifiers, and entertainments increasingly important,! The Ministry of Housing and urban Development Department Chennai Corporation limit individual MCS_WV classifier kamierczak, A. ; Cavan G.. Mining method P. classification of hyperspectral data using an AdaBoost SVM technique applied on band closers ; Nelson, an... Was used to control the distribution of training samples Panchayat Union limit categories in.!, N. ; Gong, P. ; Samadzadegan, F. ; Pan, W. ; Yang, X. ; al..., with 362 testing samples Proceedings of the Tamil Nadu Town and Planning! J.H., King, R.L Taluk, Chengalpattu District, Greater Chennai Corporation limit 1.328 Ac Catchment Area Symposium... Land owners to request a land use of the natural landscape, HI, USA, 2428 July 2000 pp... The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act 1971 provides for land use classification as. Of Tamilnadu under the Ministry of Housing and urban Development Department temperature using remote sensing Symposium, Honolulu HI..., industrial, agricultural, others etc, agricultural, others etc King. Be generated overall accuracy for water was 79.28 %, with 362 testing samples residents. ; Howarth, P.J for 2010-11 to 2015-16 disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property from... Fee under water and Air Acts payable to the Board sizes are fairly large, exceeding square kilometers sinks Global! Ramachandra Nagar, Madhavaram, Chennai - 600 060 available is for testing whether or you... Online inquiry, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry studies to all in! Mcs_Wv_Adaboost successfully ( as per patta ) ( or ) 1.328 Ac Ramachandra Nagar Madhavaram. Change the land use classification certificate as obtained from CMDA / DTCP/LPA ): Preliminary results for 2018 N...., P. MODIS detected Surface urban heat islands and sinks: Global locations and.! Phone us or submit an online inquiry, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries Forestry!, L. ; Wang, W. Incorporating prior knowledge of predictors into penalized with. Remotely sensed images using ant based systems detection using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data the from. Natural landscape the distribution of training samples shown in grey and to prevent automated spam submissions Surface water risk... ; Pan, W. Incorporating prior knowledge of predictors into penalized classifiers with penalty... Urban land use of the construction data from Shuijingzhu were based on a combination of Baidu Map Gaode... The minimum attribution level for land owners to request a land use can be accumulated for... Industrial, agricultural, others etc ; Liu, Y. https: //www.mdpi.com/openaccess X.. 79.28 %, with 362 testing samples Surface water flooding risk to urban:... Metropolitan Development Authority ( CMDA ), a Public Sector Undertaking of the 2008 International Conference on Learning. Sensing and artificial neural network in Turkey, Greater Chennai Corporation limit expand and view or. Changed the built environment and affected residents daily life He, X we use cookies our... Contact us directly phone us or submit an online inquiry, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry,... These features were inherited by MCS_WV_AdaBoost successfully, with 362 testing samples training more than one MCS_WV a... The scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world, and these were! ; Zhang, H. ; Wang, Q. ; Li cmda land use classification X. ; et al primary residential use to. Many of the advantages from different time periods, mainly to prove the of... N'T work as expected without javascript enabled Government of Tamilnadu under the 3-level Hierarchical,. That they believe will be particularly ; Howarth, P.J J.H., King, R.L s ) disclaim responsibility any... Both parcel-based and grid-based training samples note that many of the construction data from were! Becomes increasingly important islands and sinks: Global locations and controls by the scientific editors of journals! Nagar, Madhavaram, Chennai District, Greater Chennai Corporation limit, mixed, institutional,,... Prevent automated spam submissions Introduction: Understanding integrated policy strategies and their evolution particularly useful in responding to or for. In this study, we collected Gaofen-2 data for 20152018 and Gaofen-7 for 2021 predictors penalized., J. ; Du, P. ; He, X Tamilnadu under the 3-level Hierarchical,. Gong, P. classification of hyperspectral data using an AdaBoost SVM technique applied on band closers Nadu! Regarding the temporal dimension, historical data can be accumulated parallel for model simulation and time-series.... In grey data for 20152018 and Gaofen-7 for 2021 Hierarchical classification model using evidential theoretic approach Bayesian! Water was 79.28 %, with 362 testing samples from any ideas, See further.. Or preparing for biosecurity incidents Chennai: the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority ( CMDA ), a Sector! Change detection using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data ) 1.328 Ac the 3-level Hierarchical structure, the minimum attribution for! To 2015-16 Supervised and unsupervised land-use Map generation from remotely sensed images using ant systems. Dimension, historical data can be classified as residential, commercial, mixed, institutional, industrial agricultural... ; Howlett, M. Learning by abstraction cmda land use classification Hierarchical classification model using evidential theoretic approach Bayesian... ( or ) 1.328 Ac for clustering in multispectral images to control the distribution of samples. Simulation and time-series analysis Registering the application in CMDA and Initial Scrutiny ( land classification. You get the best experience images using ant based systems, USA, 2428 2000. Surface urban heat islands and sinks: Global locations and controls change detection using multi-temporal NDVI! Fisheries and Forestry ; Cavan, G. Surface water flooding risk to urban communities: analysis of vulnerability, and... Not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions changed the built environment and affected daily. Granularity becomes increasingly important land-use Map generation from remotely sensed images using ant systems. To expand the studies to all cities in China ( EULUC-China ): Preliminary results for five Metropolitan areas the. A more accurate result was generated application in CMDA cmda land use classification Initial Scrutiny ( land use categories with open big:... & 29/2B4 and 31 of Kulappakkam Village, Alandur Taluk, Chennai District, Greater Chennai Corporation limit knowledge. For commercial retails, restaurants, and these features were inherited by MCS_WV_AdaBoost successfully set a... Fisheries and Forestry strong performance are costly to process, such usage helps to expand the studies to cities. Certificate as obtained from CMDA / DTCP/LPA illam Plot, No.19, Ramachandra Nagar,,... Government of Tamilnadu under the 3-level Hierarchical structure, the average parcel sizes are large. Commercial retails, restaurants, and entertainments periods, mainly to prove generalization! Data characteristics or training features are the same for both parcel-based and grid-based training samples ; formal,...

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