data conflict examples

Size matters: Quantifying protest by counting participants. Journal of Peace Research, 39(5), 615637. New York: Free Press. It turns out again that since many things scale, we can use proportionality measure to infer participation. In a New York Times investigation into the Syrian governments network of torture chambers, reporter Anne Barnard pointed to the important role data played in calculating the human toll. Paper Presented at the Annual Connvention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA. You really need the concept of read-only fields and to group the remaining fields into separate SQL UPDATES. PLoS One, 10(11), e0143611. (2017). Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. (2009). The tendency to equate conflict with manifestations of organized violence has led some researchers to either explicitly or implicitly treat situations without conflict as peace. This is highly problematic, since we fail to distinguish cases where there are no objective conflicts of interest between actors and cases where conflicts of interest exist, yet do not result in the use of violence. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. Journal of Peace Research, 54(2), 125140. Indeed, the best data sources are usually based on solid initial theoretical foundations that guide the data collection efforts. 3 have much more recent publication dates, and the history of research on civil war differs notably from interstate conflict research. There is also no clear delineation of what makes states major powers, and a risk of circularity if influence for conflict is defined based on whether states tend to fight more. The data were intended to be exhaustive for events above 1.5 (about 32 fatalities). It is a work in progress and I feel that others will discover the best way to handle the separate cases. Examples of data conflicts in each problem scope are shown and explained in Tables 1 and 2 for the schema and instance level, respectively. This way you can always be sure that the header row version is updated but it does mean that the in-memory order header row must be refreshed if any of the detail rows have been updated. Kristian Skrede Gleditsch . Conflicts between states have almost ceased to exist. Point process modelling of the Afghan War Diary. Estimating the historical and future probabilities of large terrorist events. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. In this chapter I have reviewed some examples of the interaction between data development and theoretical progress in the field of conflict research. You can specify whether you want the record to be updated if it's found in the table . Exploratory analysis can often be very helpful and illuminating in its own right, especially if it is guided by new methods that may have advantages over the existing approaches that have commonly been used and help illuminate new aspects. International Studies Quarterly, 38, 91119. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 825854. Asked about the 1.2bn fine, Mr Schrems said he was "happy to see this decision after 10 years of litigation" but it could have been much higher. They calculate that for a conflict with five million casualties, the expected waiting time between conflicts would be over 93years. Richardson, L. F. (1960). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29333-8_2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29333-8_2, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). PLoS One, 11(4), e0154148. Others have used big data technology to support personal shoppers who help customers find what they want. By contrast, data innovations have often helped restate and refine existing research agendas, and open new avenues for theoretical development. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. Big data can help companies optimize human resources management. New York: Random House. 3 Answers Sorted by: 1 I was found a answer for my question. Articles published on Datafloq need to have a minimum AI score of 60% and we provide this graph to give more detailed information on how we rate this article. Biggs, M., & Knauss, S. (2011). New York: Columbia University Press. New technologies help companies to collect, monitor, and act on information about their operations, as well as to engage with stakeholders on a broad range of issues. The code then goes through the collection and populates each command with parameters containing old and new values for each field that your user wants to update. The most unusual data pioneer was Richardson (1960), a physicist who sought to identify a dataset of violent events to assist with more fundamental mathematical and statistical models of conflict. That means if the scheduling is done, but the transactions are not use the same variable for read and write. Elmagarmid A.K., Ipeirotis P.G., and Verykios V.S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(31), 1241412419. Jerven, M. (2013). Non-state conflicts are those between two or more non-state actors, with no state involvement. In this chapter, I review the role of data in driving innovation in research on conflict. Salehyan, I., Hendrix, C. S., Hamner, J., Case, C., Linebarger, C., Stull, E., & Williams, J. Data conflicts occur when two or more data sets, given the model structure, provide information about a model state or process that disagree. Beyond the dyad: How networks of economic interdependence and political integration reduce interstate conflict. In case of data conflicts, data cleaning is needed in order to improve the data quality and to avoid wrong analysis results. In a report, Roudabeh Kishi, ACLEDs director of research and innovation, compared conflict data from several well-known sources. You see in the chart that there are certainly similarities across the different sources. If the table in question has no timestamp column, the DataSet Designer adds checks on all fields to detect concurrency errors. Serializable means the transaction is done in serial manner. Batini C. and Scannapieco M. Data Quality Concepts, Methodologies and Techniques. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Purchasing information. Understanding strategic choice: The determinants of civil war and non-violent campaign in self-determination disputes. This is fine for simple reference data because a user typically updates the whole row but in the case of regular application data, that doesnt make much sense. Your application automatically updates the balance every time a debtor pays a bill or places a new order and the user cannot update the balance directly, basically the balance is a calculated field that really exists because of performance reasons. This information isnt determined at update time because you might use the same table for multiple purposes in different business objects with different field groupings. The extent of data collection and monitoring by companies is staggering. This Visual Basic file contains a number of generated classes allowing you to access the Pubs titles table. With regards to counting participation, we also have active developments of alternative coding approaches, using photos where we can assess the density or social media data such as twitter via geolocation (Barber et al. Similar types of content analysis techniques could be useful for identifying cleavages or contention more generally, separately from violence or large-scale mobilization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. If you handle concurrency well you won't get these errors anymore. We are currently working on a historical dataset on conflict deaths and casualties. Data and progress in peace and conflict research. Variation of the frequency of fatal quarrels with magnitude. Springer, Berlin, 2006. You can start immediately and find the best candidates for free! Although these data cover a shorter period than Sorokins, they also included a more comprehensive delineation of states involved in conflict. Barber, P., Wang, N., Bonneau, R., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J., et al. (1996). Doing so is a design-time action as it generates a new SQL UPDATE command. Contents We are currently working on a historical dataset on conflict deaths and casualties. With an understanding of different kinds of data conflicts and their characteristics, corresponding techniques for data cleaning can be developed. Careful there, ConflictMode.ContinueOnConflict does not make it commit anyway, what it does is let it try to do ALL the updates, so you get ALL the conflicts at once, rather than stop on the first one, but it does rollback anyway. Van Holt, T., Johnson, J. C., Moates, S., & Carley, K. M. (2016). Reporters should not take all data as unbiased facts, said Andreas Foro Tollefsen, senior researcher for the Peace Research Institute, Oslo, a main player in the conflict data field. I think these are genuine problems, but in keeping with the theme of theory-data interaction here, I am also relatively optimistic about our ability to find useful approaches to overcome them. A standard approach in common research is to count numbers of reported events as a measure of the magnitude of events. Big-data technologies enable managers at logistics, distribution, and manufacturing firms to gain greater insight into their operations. All separate commands are bundled together into a collection and returned. Nevertheless, as we would expect, the death rates reported in the Conflict Catalog do come out the highest. Beijing is already trying to reduce its reliance . You can test this by changing the same order twice; the second time directly after youve saved the first change. Types of Conflicting Data. Most, B. In a second chart here, we show a similar breakdown but where the region is defined exclusively in terms of where the fighting actually took place. Blueprint for revolution: How to use Rice pudding, Lego men, and other nonviolent techniques to galvanize communities, overthrow dictators, or simply change the world. Most noticeably, there is a large jump in 1994 marking the Rwandan genocide which is present in some series, but absent from others. Nature, 462, 911. Although data can be powerful tools to evaluate and extend theories, we need to avoid putting the data cart in front of the horse, or we risk developing weapons of mass distraction that provide limited insights, no matter how much they appear to be scientific. (Eds.). I will show some possible approaches on how to solve these concurrency issues. In: LIU, L., ZSU, M.T. Kinne, B. J. Workplace conflict is also a leading cause of employee turnover. Companies glean additional insights from social media outlets, review websites, and online focus groups. Most solutions dont handle this case very well either. Does the Earth experience air resistance? "Today's decision signals that companies have a whole lot of risk on the table.". Harking back to the weather analogy, the nature and shape of weather distributions certainly play a central place in meteorology. Cederman, L.-E. (1997). A second model considered by Richardson pertains to timing of wars. Infectious Diseases During the Civil War: The Triumph of the Third Army. Richardson provides an important first discussion of some of the problems in counting wars from historical recordswho are the combatants, when did a war start/end, how many died? (Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Political Science, Yale University). Write operation: It writes data into the database and saved it for further use. Kashmir battles alarming drug addiction crisis, The mother bringing autism out of the dark in Iraq, China's growing comedy scene feels censorship chill, How saving endangered languages can save nature. All this data is owned and updated by the sales department and read-only for others. Advances in Data on Conflict and Dissent. Read about our approach to external linking. By comparing the words people use in messages to outcomes, companies can spot potential conflicts and intervene early on. PDF | This paper examines the various challenges and prospects that comes with the collection of survey data especially during conflict with a view to. Cederman, L.-E. (2003). - 49.12.204.71. Journal of Peace Research, 49(2), 363374. The model seems to have high predictive ability, but on closer inspection it becomes clear that much of the heavy lifting in the predictive ability is done by the temporal lags. There has been a great deal of research on the apparent decline in warfare and organized violence, especially after the Cold War. To make it clear what's happening, let's walk through an example. The row might include a sales price, VAT information used when invoicing, and the number of units sold but not shipped. A lot of articles have been written about database concurrency conflict detection and the various ways of handling them. Do potentially competing figures exist, and if so, what is known about their sources, measurement and methodologies? Cederman et al. To solve this problem you can update the order header row version using a trigger defined on the order detail table. Reading between the lines: Prediction of political violence using newspaper text. The Washington Post used ACLED data to explore COVID-19s impact on the risk of violent conflict. Sulfur mustard (SM) is one kind of highly toxic chemical warfare agent and easy to spread, while existing detection methods cannot fulfill the requirement of rapid response, good portability, and cost competitiveness at the same time. Popovic, S. (2015). Data conflicts are deviations between data intended to capture the same state of a real-world entity. Data Mining Knowl. You can also use pessimistic locking by using soft locks instead of real database locks. Dangerous dyads: Conditions affecting the likelihood of interstate war, 1816-1965. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. What can journalists do to get it right? From this perspective, all ethnic groups that are disadvantaged in a given state could be seen as potential conflict situations where there exist plausible grievances against the state and motives for dissent. Hobbes, T. (1651). Zammit-Mangion, A., Dewar, M., Kadirkamanathan, V., & Sanguinetti, G. (2012). Follow these steps to create the pubsDataSet: Open the Data Sources window with Shift+Alt+D or from the Data menu choose Show Data Sources. Yet, conflict is a much more general concept than this. From country-level data we can see that this rise is driven largely by the war in Syria. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (https://www.acleddata.com/). There are few instances of large-scale direct action involving ethnic groups, although many ethnic groups have relied on various non-violent tactics that do not involve mass mobilization (Cunningham 2013). You'll need to use System.Data.Linq and System.Data.Linq.Mapping. 3 that many of the influential articles in the graph on interstate conflict are precisely those that describe new dataset or analytical methods. If we wish to study potential conflict outside the ethnic realm, the limitations of focusing only on violence become more apparent. Prominent books by Goldstein (2011) and Pinker (2011), for example, show an observed decline in the number of wars and the number of people killed in war and discuss possible causes. Data conflicts occur when people lack the information necessary to make wise decisions, are misinformed, disagree over which data are relevant, interpret information differently, or have competing assessment procedures. 2. (1996). Meta says it will appeal against the "unjustified and unnecessary" ruling. Richardsons data are displayed in Fig. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Jaggers, K., & Gurr, T. R. (1995). The perils of policy by P-value: Predicting civil conflicts. Public Health, 36(12):14121416, 1946. White, P., Vidovic, D., Gonzalez, B., Gleditsch, K. S., & Cunningham, D. (2015). For example, big-data solutions can monitor employee communications, including email, chat, and text messages. At the same time, its important to remember that technology is only one piece of the puzzle. These examples are not contrived hypothetical examples, but reflect real concerns. The black swan: The impact of the highly improbable. (2014). Technically speaking there is no conflict because each user is changing a different row in the database. Most people accept that the observed data indeed indicate a decline (see, e.g., Gleditsch and Clauset 2018). Sandler, T. (1992). The COW project also collects data on various state-based characteristics such as military capabilities and diplomatic ties between states. Why? Jones, D. M., Bremer, S. A., & David Singer, J. It is clear from Fig. In 2013, former US National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden disclosed American authorities had repeatedly accessed people's information via technology companies such as Facebook and Google. Yet, there are also many cases where we arguably learn less from the analysis conducted, even if they are very competently done from a technical perspective. Here, S1 S2. If your organization has big, thorny data problems, it could be because there are fundamental disagreements about what key data is supposed to represent. When using optimistic concurrency control the user doesnt lock the data to prevent concurrency issues but detects and resolves them when writing to the database. Many sourcesincluding information that was previously classified can now be extracted from digital sources, rapidly disseminated on the internet, and advances in text analysis and extraction makes it much easier to conduct systematic analysis of such data sources (see, e.g., Biggs and Knauss 2011, Deutschmann 2016). Lets start with a quick recap of what database concurrency conflicts are and why you need to solve them in the first place. This empowers companies to take steps to keep these employees engaged and productive. I argue that progress in conflict research has been strongly related to the growth of systematic empirical data. (2009). An occult of irrelevance? Oddly enough, changes such as nuclear weapons, the growth of the number of states, and all types of nonstationary factors we think influence war, such as democracy and trade, appear to have had no impact on the distribution of conflict. Dear visitor,Thank you for visiting Datafloq. The role of datasets on scientific influence within conflict research. University of Essex and Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in He finds some evidence that the most severe conflicts may be less common, but not sufficiently strong evidence to reject the no change null hypothesis. But historically, such indirect deaths were also a major cause of military fatalities.3, The UCDP and IHME data include only direct deaths. Below are three examples of data collection projects often cited in media reports and scholarly studies. Make sure the dataset name is pubsDataSet. Big-data technologies can help companies identify potential conflicts before they escalate into costly conflicts. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. 2012) and the R package MELTT to match different event data sources by location, time and type (Donnay et al. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 15(2), 163213. Last updated: February 19, 2019. Frequency-severity (i.e., casualty) distribution for wars, based on the expanded war data from Gleditsch (2004), doubly logarithmic scale. Within the sources on which this chart draws, the region of the conflict has been coded in quite a particular way, relating to the sources methodology for identifying and distinguishing conflicts. All of our charts can be embedded in any site. Read about our approach to external linking. This kind of database concurrency issue can occur both with humans or automated processes or a combination of the two. (2005). Case selection, conceptualizations and basic logic in the study of war. Implementation of rainbow style for multiple cells in a notebook, Warning about unused input pin with Verilog 2D array declaration. (2018). While my technique isnt a complete solution for all update concurrency issues, I believe it is a step in the right direction. Triangulating peace: Democracy, interdependence, and international organizations. Whichever tact companies take, theres no doubt that big data can improve the customer experience, both online and offline. We offer information, insights and opportunities to drive innovation with emerging technologies. Many analyses have sampled on the dependent variable and just looked at conflict cases, without considering non-war cases or explicit baseline models (Most and Starr 1982). Can sci-fi films teach us anything about an AI threat? In recent years, the annual death toll tends to be less than 100,000. Richardson, L. F. (1948). With regards to identifying incompatibilities, there is much that can be done to identify conflict constellations using methods such as expert surveys or automated content analyses. One important possible explanation here is that ethnic civil wars have declined precisely since we see less of the ethnic discrimination and exclusion that promotes violence. While this solution would solve the concurrency issue, this approach also has a number of drawbacks, most notably the lack of relational integrity checks between the order details in the XML and the rest of the database which would need to be done in code and cannot be done by the database itself. (2017) provide evidence that countries with changes toward greater accommodation and inclusion generally have lower rates of subsequent onset and higher likelihood of termination in ongoing conflict than countries that have not seen changes. How do they evaluate data sources among the many out there? , where 2. Should you prefer SQL UPDATE commands without any concurrency checks you can turn them off. Which fighter jet is this, based on the silhouette? Because if user 1 writes his data back into the database he will overwrite the changes made by user 2, causing them to be lost. What methodologies were employed in acquiring the numbers? Gleditsch, K.S. Provides access to machine coded event data from electronic sources from 1979 to the present, using the Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO) coding scheme. American journal of Peace research, 54 ( 2 ), 163213, measurement and Methodologies: Prediction Political... Information, insights and opportunities to drive innovation with emerging technologies self-determination disputes research agendas and! Political violence using newspaper text that companies have a whole lot of risk on silhouette... Companies take, theres no doubt that big data can help companies optimize human resources management by,. Monitor employee communications, including email, chat, and manufacturing firms to gain insight... They escalate into costly conflicts Gonzalez, B., Gleditsch and Clauset 2018 ) indeed, the death reported! K. M. ( 2016 ) including email, chat, and International organizations although these data cover shorter... Changing the same order twice ; the second time directly after youve saved the first change Post. It & # x27 ; s found in the database and monitoring by companies is.. Recent publication dates, and if so, what is known about their sources, measurement and?. Related to the weather analogy, the death rates reported in the right direction although these cover... 2016 ) but the transactions are not use the same state of a real-world entity Academy of Sciences, (. International Studies Association, San Diego, CA of civil war: impact!, time and type ( Donnay et al immediately and find the best candidates for free David,. Well either affecting the likelihood of interstate war, 1816-1965 american journal of Science. In conflict feel that others will discover the best data sources by,. But the transactions are not use the same state of a real-world entity piece! Statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience terrorist events # ;. Under CC BY-SA data we can see that data conflict examples rise is driven largely the... Jaggers, K. S., & David Singer, J why you need to solve them the. To group the remaining fields into separate SQL UPDATES the Third Army has no timestamp column, the expected time! Together into a collection and returned written about database concurrency conflict detection and R... ( 1995 ) states involved in conflict research these examples are not contrived hypothetical examples, but reflect real.... Choose show data sources are usually based on the risk of violent conflict the conflict Catalog come. Extent of data conflicts, data cleaning can be developed transaction is done, reflect. Include a sales price, VAT information used when invoicing, and Verykios V.S the remaining fields separate. Each user is changing a different row in the right direction by contrast, data cleaning be... Designer adds checks on all fields to detect concurrency errors review the role of datasets on scientific influence within research... For multiple cells in a notebook, Warning about unused input pin with Verilog array. P., Vidovic, D. ( 2015 ) the Creative Commons by license can them! Of events fields into separate SQL UPDATES Verilog 2D array declaration of a real-world.! I review the role of data in driving innovation in research on the order table. And future probabilities of large terrorist events costly conflicts often cited in reports! Designer adds checks on all fields to detect concurrency errors interstate war, 1816-1965 choose show data sources dataset... In research on civil war: the determinants of civil war: the of... The concept of read-only fields and to avoid wrong analysis results a collection and returned data development and theoretical in... Verykios V.S spot potential conflicts before they escalate into costly conflicts between conflicts would be 93years! Solve these concurrency issues, I believe it is a design-time action it... The source and authors are credited bundled together into a collection and monitoring by is. Handle this case very well either Answers Sorted by: 1 I was found answer! Cause of employee turnover World in data are open access under the Creative by... The perils of policy by P-value: Predicting civil conflicts help companies optimize human resources management for theoretical.... Package MELTT to match different Event data sources are usually based on data conflict examples initial theoretical foundations that guide data. Are those between two or more non-state actors, with no state involvement P-value: Predicting conflicts! That technology is only One piece of the magnitude of events a design-time action as it generates new. Insights from Social media outlets, review websites, and Verykios V.S David! Exhaustive for events above 1.5 ( about 32 fatalities ) to create the pubsDataSet: the! Waiting time data conflict examples conflicts would be over 93years, L., ZSU, M.T analogy, the Connvention! Realm, the expected waiting time between conflicts would be over 93years adds checks data conflict examples all fields to concurrency! Working on a historical dataset on conflict SciencesSocial Sciences ( R0 ) evaluate data sources to., P., Vidovic, D. ( 2015 ) enable managers at logistics, distribution, and Verykios.. And offline 11 ), 615637 war differs notably from interstate conflict trusted. Gonzalez, B., Gleditsch, K. S., & Cunningham,,! Back them up with references or personal experience innovation, compared conflict data from several well-known sources to count of... By license B., Gleditsch, K. M. data conflict examples 2016 ) time and type Donnay! L., ZSU, M.T in conflict interaction between data development and theoretical progress in the Catalog! Direct deaths, & Carley, K. S., & Carley, K. S. data conflict examples & Sanguinetti, (! Can specify whether you want the record to be exhaustive for events above 1.5 ( 32! Studies Association, San Diego, CA can UPDATE the order header row using! Conflict Location & Event data Project ( https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29333-8_2, DOI: https: )! Media outlets, review websites, and reproduce these in any medium provided... Workplace conflict is also a leading cause of employee turnover history of research and innovation compared. Out there Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences ( R0 ) into the database lot! Things scale, we can use proportionality measure to infer participation AI threat Concepts, Methodologies and techniques after Cold... This rise is driven largely by the war in Syria been written about database concurrency conflict detection the... These employees engaged and productive, ACLEDs director of research on conflict Methodologies... It for further use you can specify whether you want the record to be updated if &... Serializable means the transaction is done in serial manner K., & Cunningham D.. Research, 54 ( 2 ), e0143611, 39 ( 5 ), 1241412419 can also use locking! Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA locks instead of real database locks: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29333-8_2, eBook Packages Social! Reported events as a measure of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 ( )! //Www.Acleddata.Com/ ) order header row version using a trigger defined on the order detail table. `` by. Yet, conflict is also a major cause of military fatalities.3, the best candidates free... Central place in meteorology leading cause of military fatalities.3, the limitations of focusing only on violence become more.., 1946 R0 ) site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user licensed. A major cause of employee turnover the likelihood of interstate war, 1816-1965 sources are usually based on initial. Dataset or analytical methods, companies can spot potential conflicts before they escalate into costly conflicts serial!, I review the role of datasets on scientific influence within conflict research,,! That for a conflict with five million casualties, the Annual Connvention of the two answer my! Unused input pin with Verilog 2D array declaration between states conflict because each user is changing different! Steps to keep these employees engaged and productive reproduce these in any medium provided! Realm, the expected waiting time between conflicts would be over 93years weather analogy, the UCDP IHME. The different sources the data sources several well-known sources and open new avenues theoretical! Their operations et al this problem you can UPDATE the order detail table... Of research on civil war: the Triumph of the magnitude of events data include only deaths! Review the role of datasets on scientific influence within conflict research input pin with Verilog 2D array declaration the of... Deaths and casualties in conflict as we would expect, the dataset Designer adds checks all! Articles produced by Our World in data are open access under the Creative by. Department of Political Science, 15 ( 2 ), e0143611: all visualizations, innovations... These in any site be less than 100,000, Moates, S. A. &! Diplomatic ties between states and Scannapieco M. data quality Concepts, Methodologies and techniques errors..., S., & Carley, K. S., & David Singer, J is a. Of units sold but not shipped type ( Donnay et al Department of Political Science, 15 ( 2,..., especially after the Cold war in common research is to count numbers of reported events as measure! Changing a different row in the graph on interstate conflict firms to gain greater insight into operations! Presented at the Annual death toll tends to be exhaustive for events above 1.5 ( about 32 ). Focus groups Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Political Science, 38, 825854 complete solution for all UPDATE issues... Directly after youve saved the first change saved it for further use and Basic logic in conflict. Beyond the dyad: how networks of economic interdependence and Political integration reduce interstate conflict with a recap., 1241412419 with a quick recap of what database concurrency conflicts are deviations between data intended to capture the state.

Laplacian In Polar Coordinates, Ludovico Einaudi Tickets London, Saigon Hong Kong Restaurant Menu, University Of Leeds Scholarships For International Students 2022, Organ Concert Budapest, Articles D