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Barton, Z. Cimburova, G.M. The most frequently mentioned underlying cause for permanent grassland use was the demand for recreation (36 out of 37 selected studies). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.01.002. In order to understand and mitigate their effect on human well-being and the environment, processes that threaten and negatively impact CES and well-being should be given greater emphasis in the literature (Hirons et al. Center for international forestry research, Bogor, Indonesia. A further two cases each dealt with grassland afforestation and grass burning. Landsc Ecol 31(2):383399, Martinez-Estevez L, Balvanera P, Pacheco J, Ceballos G (2013) Prairie dog decline reduces the supply of ecosystem services and leads to desertification of semiarid grasslands. Go to: Introduction Humans are facing significant challenges due to the degradation of ecosystems, a trend exacerbated by climate change that continued even during the COVID-19 pandemic (IPBES 2018; McNeely 2021 ). Tourism is an important driver of economic development and an effective tool for biodiversity conservation (de Groot et al. Cumming, S.J. PubMedGoogle Scholar. However, trampling and related negative impacts cannot be avoided, and recovery is always slower than the impact time (Cole 2004). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, (Modified from Campbell et al. Ecosyst Serv 39:100984, Daily G (1997) Natures services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8826. 2018) and is related to the well-being of people (Gobster et al. 2013. Integrating CES into policy frameworks offers opportunities for improved understanding and assessment of how ecosystems can benefit human well-being (Daniel et al. Urban nature as a source of resilience during social distancing amidst the coronavirus pandemic. Correspondence to 2011; Leal Filho et al. Grasslands are the primary source of meat and dairy products, account for about one-third of the total carbon of all terrestrial ecosystems, and provide numerous other ESs, such as night cooling, soil erosion control, and flood mitigation. Note that a study can contribute to more than one box in a column if several aspects were mentioned. 2012. Conserv Lett 6(1):2127, Farley KA, Kelly EF, Hofstede RGM (2004) Soil organic carbon and water retention following conversion of grasslands to pine plantations in the Ecuadoran Andes. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries are influenced and influence all types of ecosystem services. 2017. https://doi.org/10.2800/944899. 2007). Butchart, B. Collen, N. Cox, et al. Science 359: 270272. 2020. & Wu, J. Grassland ecosystem services: a systematic review of research advances and future directions. - 67.43.232.50. 2010. Main land-use patterns in the EU within 20152030. Cultural Services Educational values Recreation Cultural heritage Supporting Services Primary Production Water cycling Nutrient cycling Fig. This systematic literature review evaluates the. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.017. PLoS ONE. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 237251, Sala OE, Yahdjian L, Havstad K, Aguiar MR (2017) Rangeland ecosystem services: natures supply and humans demand. Therefore, we distinguish in our framework between underlying causes (Geist and Lambin 2002; Plieninger et al. Suggested solutions [4] to mitigate threats and to ensure the continued supply of CES in permanent grasslands reflect back to the underlying causes and may help reduce those threats. In three studies, wind farms and solar panels impaired landscape aesthetics, and in two cases, mining and quarrying induced threats to both recreational activities and aesthetics through water-borne, air-borne and noise pollution. Natl Acad Sci USA 112(7):22812286, Tilman D, Hill J, Lehman C (2006) Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. European Countryside 1: 180201. Copenhagen. Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Haines-Young, R., and M. B. Potschin. PubMed 2000 and Havstad et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2017.1407362. We recommend developing categories that specifically take cultural and social aspects (i.e. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management 13: 148161. Church, and M. Winter. Accessed 15 Oct 2021. Infrastructure (7 cases) was reported to be insufficient for tourism development and local access, restraining CES usage, or overabundant with roads supporting high traffic volumes in natural areas. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-00980-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-00980-3. 2012; Daz et al. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C.N. Google Scholar, Westman WE (1977) How much are natures services worth? https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-00980-3, access via 2016; Kosanic and Petzold 2020). 2013). While supporting, provisioning and regulating ecosystem services are long recognised and discussed, cultural ecosystem services (CES) have only recently become more prominent, shifting the focus from an economics-centred approach to a socio-ecological approach (Plieninger et al. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 32: 240248. Milcu et al. 2014; Samuelsson et al. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Washington: Island Press. 2010; Beilin et al. 2020. The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 36: 97120. Environmental Science and Policy 108: 133143. In the face of climate change and related increasingly snow-poor winters, the demand for artificial snow production will grow (Steiger et al. 2018. Tourist understandings of changing Norwegian rural landscapes. We also showed that human activities related to CES constitute a threat to permanent grasslands (see also IUCN-CMP 2019), primarily because of the negative impacts of tourist activities such as hiking or skiing. 2019. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of such threats that have been described in the literature. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00191-4. It encompassed a broad spectrum of knowledge transfer to tourists, the inclusion of relevant stakeholders in landscape planning activities and the education of residents on the value of grassland ecosystems and the services they provide. To reach a good balance (i.e. Based on approximately 2.4 million ha . An empirical review of cultural ecosystem service indicators. Landscape aesthetics were not limited to purely natural values such as a natural landscape or untouched snow, but also came from human-made values such as marked trails, look-out towers or ski lifts, as they allowed CES enjoyment in the first place (see also Soy Massoni et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109: 88128819. Agric Ecosyst Environ 241:110, Eze S, Palmer SM, Chapman PJ (2018) Soil organic carbon stock in grasslands: effects of inorganic fertilizers, liming and grazing in different climate settings. EC (European Commission). Before the incident at Cannich, the UK's biggest wildfire affected 20 sq miles (53 sq km) of peatland in Sutherland's Flow Country in May 2019, and the second largest occurred this April at . S5. Trampling disturbance of high-elevation vegetation, wind river mountains, wyoming, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34: 365376. If the balance between supply and demand is tipped, the ecosystem and associated ecosystem services become threatened (Villamagna et al. We are grateful to Paul Newell Price, Ren Schils and Mark Whittingham for comments on an earlier version of this review, and to Conny Bufe, Ren Schils, Ria Derkx and Jouke Oenema, who helped with the collection of the papers. Boyd, K.M.A. underlying causes and direct threats). 2019. Front Ecol Environ 13(1):4451, Yan Y, Xu X, Xin X, Yang G, Wang X, Yan R, Chen B (2011) Effect of vegetation coverage on aeolian dust accumulation in a semiarid steppe of northern China. 2021. Journal of Environmental Management 59: 4769. Zhang, J.T., C. Xiang, and M. Li. 2015. 2022), which is even more true for the various threats that imperil the continued supply of CES in permanent grasslands. Considerable areas of natural and semi-natural habitats have since been lost or were severely fragmented and have led to a substantial loss of related ecosystem services (EEA 2015), with CES being no exception. 2012). Landsc Urban Plan 158:96104, Gong L, Shao Q, Zhai J (2014) Sand-fixing function under the change of vegetation coverage in a wind erosion area in northern China. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1240113. Nassauer, J.I. Restoration of multiple-rut trails in the Tuolumne meadows of Yosemite National Park. European Grassland Federation: Zrich. Nature conservation measures were disapproved in four cases, as they were perceived as limiting recreational activities. Ecol Econ 62(1):1926, Zhang H, Fan J, Cao W, Harris W, Li Y, Chi W, Wang S (2018a) Response of wind erosion dynamics to climate change and human activity in Inner Mongolia, China during 1990 to 2015. Indirect drivers are often hierarchical and could be traced back to multiple levels, and thus could only be considered in general and overarching terms (Contreras-Hermosilla 2000; Brgi et al. Driving forces of main landscape change processes from past 200 years in Central EuropeDifferences between old democratic and post-socialist countries. 2012; Syrbe and Grunewald 2017). Al-Amin, A. Feher, and C.J. Restricting access due to the protection status of an area was one of the constraints to recreation in the analysed studies (see also Bell et al. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Bastian O, Grunewald K, Syrbe R-U, Walz U, Wende W (2014) Landscape services: the concept and its practical relevance. 2007), connecting farming with tourism while simultaneously assuring the preservation of the landscape and farmers livelihoods during economic and social change (Keenleyside and Tucker 2010; Streifeneder and Dax 2020). 2018. Rey Benayas, J.M., A. Martins, J.M. Rodrguez, J.P., T. Douglas Beard, E.M. Bennett, G.S. Such close connections and dependencies between CES stress their importance, but pose a challenge when studying them separately (de Groot et al. Industrial air pollution (1 case) caused both air pollution and aesthetic damage to the landscape. Yeoun, R.W. For example, one of the reviewed studies (Getzner et al. Ecol Econ 41:393408, Deng L, Shangguan Z, Sweeney S (2014) Grain for Green driven land use change and carbon sequestration on the Loess Plateau, China. Chan, L.A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S.M. . Land Degrad Dev 28(4):11781187, Parton W, Scurlock J, Ojima D, Schimel D, Hall D (1995) Impact of climate change on grassland production and soil carbon worldwide. 2015a). Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 15: 2947. Land Use Policy 28: 552562. Patterns and drivers of post-socialist farmland abandonment in Western Ukraine. Ecosystems and human well-being: Scenarios. In riparian areas, perennial forage cover can increase the use of an area for fishing, camping, swimming, and canoeing . 2D versus 3D: The relevance of the mode of presentation for the economic valuation of an alpine landscape. Land Degrad Dev 26(3):263271, Sala OE, Paruelo JM (1997) Ecosystem services in grasslands. Assessing natures contributions to people: Recognizing culture, and diverse sources of knowledge, can improve assessments. 2016) on the first level (see Fig. Numbers in the boxes refer to the research questions, colours to those in Figs. The reported consequences of these threats could be divided into two major groups: First, the reduced appeal of grasslands for recreation, and second, the decreased aesthetic value because of a homogenous landscape. Based on the IPBES classification (IPBES 2018), seven types of underlying causes were mentioned in the reviewed studies (see Fig. While much ES research has focused on forests and wetlands, synthesizing the currently somewhat sporadic studies of grassland ecosystem services (GESs) is much needed. Ecosystems 7(7):729739, Favretto N, Stringer LC, Dougill AJ, Dallimer M, Perkins JS, Reed MS, Atlhopheng JR, Mulale K (2016) Multi-criteria decision analysis to identify dryland ecosystem service trade-offs under different rangeland land uses. In addition to providing food, fuel and fiber, forests clean the air, filter water supplies, control floods and erosion, sustain biodiversity and genetic resources, and . Landsc Ecol 34:11791194, Wang L, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Wang D, Isbell F, Liu J, Feng C, Liu J, Zhong Z, Zhu H, Yuan X, Chang Q, Liu C (2019) Diversifying livestock promotes multidiversity and multifunctionality in managed grasslands. R. Hassan, R. Scholes, and N. Ash, 457474. 2000. Luxembourg: European Commission. 2016) and especially traditional management (MacDonald et al. The predominant drivers of land-use and land management change in the second half of the twentieth century in European permanent grasslands were the intensification of productive grasslands and the concurrent abandonment and encroachment of marginal areas (Stoate et al. Ideally, negative impacts are anticipated and addressed during the planning phase of new recreational areas and tailored to the specific circumstances of an area (Butler and Waldbrook 2003; Huang and Confer 2009). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114773109. 2018. Landscape Research 44: 241255. Finally, traditional areas with extensive management on small farms support much more CES than highly modernised, homogeneous areas (Daniel et al. Perceptions of ecological and aesthetic quality by natural resource professionals and local people. The second-largest group of threats was related to social attitude (12 cases), a category with no equivalent in biodiversity science. Ecosystem disservices: Undesirable outcomes of ecosystem functions that negatively affect humans or the environment, such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion, freshwater contamination, allergies, diseases, and economic losses. underlying factors), to which we added the climatic driver as it has an indirect impact on touristic activities (see also Plieninger et al. Carefully planned and well-managed tourism might prevent the need for the restriction of recreational activities that in normal circumstances can harm ecological processes (Butler and Waldbrook 2003). Tourism and Hospitality 1: 2340. For example, the increasing demand for recreation in recent decades poses several risks to the environment (Bhattacharya et al. Ecosyst Serv 23:3846, Sutton PC, Costanza R (2002) Global estimates of market and non-market values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation. Biological Conservation 104: 265273. Report ORNL-5862. 2016). With tourism developing, farms disappear, and grassland management ceases, partly because work in the tourism industry is more lucrative and because tourist infrastructure is commonly built on agricultural fields and grasslands. For example, unprofitability and lack of prospects were reported from Romania, Spain and Sweden. Daniel, and G. Fry. In (EDS) Meeting the future demands for grassland production, ed. Landsc Ecol 34(7):14451460, Archer SR, Predick KI (2014) An ecosystem services perspective on brush management: research priorities for competing land-use objectives. Overcrowded places, high traffic flows or motorised recreation may clash with slower, more natural and more relaxing tourism ideals in beautiful surroundings. https://doi.org/10.1177/096977640000700103. Typically, such effects become larger with increasing use, although the additional impact weakens at higher intensities (Cole 2004). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2; see also Supplementary Fig. The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Europe and Central Asia. 2008) and underlying causes to the IPBES categorisation of indirect drivers (IPBES 2018), which both serve as international standards. The degradation of ecosystems threatens the provision of ecosystem services and limits human well-being. Alternatively, it was suggested to concentrate tourists on a few areas rather than let them spread or to monitor the negative effects with sensitive indicator species. 2016. Ecology 89(6):15411553, Conant RT (2010) Challenges and opportunities for carbon sequestration in grassland systems: a technical report on grassland management and climate change mitigation. Managing Leisure 14: 247257. Science 197(4307):960964, Weyland F, Laterra P (2014) Recreation potential assessment at large spatial scales: a method based in the ecosystem services approach and landscape metrics. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941929109380767. J Ecol 102:13941407, Atjay GL, Ketner P, Duvigneaud P (1979) Terrestrial primary production and phytomass. 2015a; Kosanic and Petzold 2020; Zhao et al. EEA (European Environment Agency). Based on our systematic review, we created a conceptual framework for discussing and better understanding the threats around CES (Fig. A substantial part of the data analysis was the identification and classification of threats and their respective underlying causes and consequences (Supplementary Table S3; see also Brgi et al. What are the underlying causes of threats to or from cultural ecosystem services (CES, i.e. Google Scholar, Bagstad K, Villa F, Johnson G, Voigt B (2011) ARIESARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services: a guide to models and data, version 1.0. Daz, S., S. Demissew, J. Carabias, C. Joly, M. Lonsdale, N. Ash, A. Larigauderie, J.R. Adhikari, et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1215. 2015a ). 2016). 2015. Agritourism has been suggested as a solution to maintain the connection between CES and traditional land use (see also Bell et al. Land abandonment was mostly associated with spontaneous overgrowth (27 out of 29 cases), an increase in homogeneous landscapes and a declining number of grazing animals and shepherds. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. CES are generally assessed qualitatively, which differentiates them from other ecosystem services (Milcu et al. Trans ASABE 54:901908, Ni J (2002) Carbon storage in grasslands of China. 2021). Kosanic, A., and J. Petzold. de Groot, R., and P.S. Assessing the impact of human trampling on vegetation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental evidence. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: Unified classifications of threats and actions. Gobster, P.H., J.I. The education of locals and tourists was proposed to promote their understanding of the importance and functions of grassland ecosystems. Agric Ecosyst Environ 240:224232, Costanza R, dArge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, ONeill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the worlds ecosystem services and natural capital. The regulation of tourism and economic development were suggested most often, using institutional and economic tools to avoid the overuse of the ecosystem (20 cases). Cultural ecosystem services. 2015). This work was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program of China (2019QZKK0405), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971130 and 41871185) and the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB954303). 2007. Report of the . 2019. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1934, Smit HJ, Metzger MJ, Ewert F (2008) Spatial distribution of grassland productivity and land use in Europe. Gutzwiller, V.H. It is unknown on what temporal and spatial scales these interactions between climate change and recreation will work (Monz et al. J Environ Manag 205:308318, Sannigrahi S, Bhatt S, Rahmat S, Paul SK, Sen S (2018) Estimating global ecosystem service values and its response to land surface dynamics during 1995-2015. 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9786-1. An overall 37 reviewed studies (in 36 papers) contained threats caused by CES (Fig. recreation and landscape aesthetics) provided by European permanent grasslands? grassland type and spatial scale). Keith, and J.E.M. 2020. Stenseke, M. 2009. J Ecol 97:13291336, Holland JM, Douma JC, Crowley L, James L, Kor L, Stevenson DRW, Smith BM (2017) Semi-natural habitats support biological control, pollination and soil conservation in Europe. Landsc Ecol 30:17231736, Wu JX, Zhao Y, Yu C, Luo L, Pan Y (2017) Land management influences trade-offs and the total supply of ecosystem services in alpine grassland in Tibet, China. Occasional paper No. OECD Publishing and FAO, Paris. That is not a new trend (EEA 2017) but may be reinforced by the recent situation. Island Press, Washington, DC, de Groot RS, Wilson MA, Boumans RMJ (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Nature can serve as a refuge, reducing stress and increasing human well-being, especially when life is otherwise restricted and limited to urban areas (de Groot et al. Fish, R., A. Official Journal of the European Union. 2016. The search string included the word grass and related synonyms, as well as relevant terms regarding landscape aesthetics and recreation (see Table S1). A management-based typology for European permanent grasslands. Future research on threats should therefore be designed and interpreted targeting the impact on the service rather than on the ecosystem. MEA (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment). 2013; Hirons et al. 2005; de Groot et al. Capacity, pressure, demand, and flow: A conceptual framework for analyzing ecosystem service provision and delivery. Landscapes with semi-natural grasslands represent cultural heritage, and are appreciated for their beauty. Many permanent grasslands are intensively managed as productive grasslands, through grazing, mowing, manufactured fertiliser application or reseeding, while others are managed more extensively. Agric Ecosyst Environ 82(13):247259, Zobeck TM, Sterk G, Funk R, Rajot JL, Stout JE, Van Pelt RS (2003) Measurement and data analysis methods for field-scale wind erosion studies and model validation. Yet, most other studies on socio-cultural valuation of ecosystem services focused predominantly on cultural services (e.g., Schirpke et al., 2016, Junge et al., 2011) and, in the particular case of grasslands, socio-cultural valuation of ecosystem services is often part of broader research on mountain systems (e.g., Zoderer et al., 2016 . Colin Everson University of KwaZulu-Natal Extensively managed grasslands are recognized globally for their high biodiversity and their social and cultural values. Glob Change Biol 1(1):1322, Petz K, Alkemade R, Bakkenes M, Schulp CJE, van der Velde M, Leemans R (2014) Mapping and modelling trade-offs and synergies between grazing intensity and ecosystem services in rangelands using global-scale datasets and models. We found touristic activities such as hiking, skiing and vehicle use (i.e. London: Institute for European Environmental Policy. Article https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00489-y. Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in EuropeA review. Improved communication and education was the second-most mentioned group of solutions and did not match any category in biodiversity literature. Fredman, P., and L. Tyrvinen. Mapping structural diversity and its recreational value in urban green spaces. While recreation has clear positive links to mental and physical well-being (Hartig et al. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford, Tao S, Fang J, Zhao X, Zhao S, Shen H, Hu H, Tang Z, Wang Z, Guo Q (2015) Rapid loss of lakes on the Mongolian Plateau. We identified and analysed the studies relevant for this systematic review and found that conserving and improving CES would need a multi-actor approach in which rural development and traditional knowledge are integrated into permanent grassland management. However, the increasing frequency of extreme events such as droughts and associated threats will also have devastating effects on habitats and their ecosystem services (IPBES 2018). Grasslands provide a variety of ecosystem services (ESs) for humans. European Urban and Regional Studies 7: 3550. Further major threats to CES were industrial activities and various forms of associated pollution. Vinge, H., and B.E. Analysing how drivers of agricultural land abandonment affect biodiversity and cultural landscapes using case studies from Scandinavia, Iberia and Oceania. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14: 116. Consequences of these direct threats may affect CES [3a] or the ecosystem (i.e. In Environmental impacts of ecotourism, ed. Another 125 million acres are at high risk of being lost in the near future. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085831. 2012). Data from 2018. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. Rediscovering traditional vegetation management in preserves: Trading experiences between cultures and continents. 2005b. 14, vol 306. Tonn, B., C. Bausson, H. ten Berge, N. Buchmann, C. Bufe, S. Eggers, P. Fernndez-Rebollo, C. Forster-Brown, et al. The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems are called ' cultural services '. https://doi.org/10.1515/eko-2016-0004. PeerJ 2: e360. 2020. Applying the tourism opportunity spectrum model in nature-based tourism management. Verburg. In: Lieth H, Whittaker RH (eds) Primary productivity of the biosphere, ecological studies no. 2016). Ecol Econ 69:10511061, Jiang C, Zhang H, Zhang Z (2018) Spatially explicit assessment of ecosystem services in Chinas Loess Plateau: patterns, interactions, drivers, and implications. 2020). North Pak J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9:25, Allan E, Manning P, Alt F, Binkenstein J, Blaser S, Bluethgen N, Boehm S, Grassein F, Hoelzel N, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Morris EK, Oelmann Y, Prati D, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schaefer M, Schloter M, Schmitt B, Schoening I, Schrumpf M, Solly E, Sorkau E, Steckel J, Steffen-Dewenter I, Stempfhuber B, Tschapka M, Weiner CN, Weisser WW, Werner M, Westphal C, Wilcke W, Fischer M (2015) Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition. Pratacult Sci 31(12):23012307, Lindgren J, Lindborg R, Cousins SAO (2018) Local conditions in small habitats and surrounding landscape are important for pollination services, biological pest control and seed predation. Glob Environ Change 26:152158, Cui F, Tang H, Zhang Q, Wang B, Dai L (2019) Integrating ecosystem services supply and demand into optimized management at different scales: a case study in Hulunbuir,China. The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: A systematic review of the evidence. 2006. R. Buckley, 4160. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 43: 820. Further research evidence would improve our understanding of the role of CES within the context of new challenges. Ecol Soc 11(1):28, Saha D, Kukal SS (2015) Soil structural stability and water retention characteristics under different land uses of degranded lower himalayas of North-west India. Increasing knowledge about environmental changes and their effects are helping to shape the institutional settings of the future (IPBES 2018). Ecological Indicators 29: 434444. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, pp 110, Cao Q, Yu D, Georgescu M, Han Z, Wu J (2015) Impacts of land use and land cover change on regional climate: a case study in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of China. Eea 2017 ) but may be reinforced by the recent situation underlying causes to well-being! Reviewed studies ( Getzner et al, which is even more true for the various threats have... Activities and various forms of associated pollution United States of America 109 88128819. European permanent grasslands and Alpine research 34: 365376 impacts of early 21st century agricultural change EuropeA. A new trend ( EEA 2017 ) but may be reinforced by the recent.. Between old democratic and post-socialist countries provision and delivery of locals and tourists was proposed to their. 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Underlying causes ( Geist and Lambin 2002 ; Plieninger et al, Ni (., DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-00980-3 cover can increase the use of an Alpine landscape Scholar Westman...