importance of nature in literature

Lorig T.S., Herman K., Schwartz G., Cain W. EEG activity during administration of low-concentration odors. Harlow H., Zimmerman R. Affectional responses in the infant monkey. Crook C. Taste perception in the newborn infant. Todrank J., Byrnes D., Wrzesniewski A., Rozin P. Odors can change preferences for people in photographs: A cross-modal evaluative conditioning study with olfactory USs and visual CSs. Seyfarth R., Cheney D., Marier P. Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence of predator classification and semantic communication. Fjortoft I. In another study, pictures of art depicting nature (trees, greenery, flowers, and water) were rated positively by hospital patients, while abstract art increased anxiety, suggesting that nature content, itself, was important [24]. Essential oils are typically obtained by distillation from plant material and have the characteristic odor of the original tissue. The energy for this ionization comes from radiation, cosmic rays [256], electromagnetic solar waves [257], waterfalls [258] thunder, radiant energy, and UV light [259]. Kawakami K., Kawamoto M., Nomura M., Otani H., Nabika T., Gonda T. Effects of phytoncides on blood pressure under restraint stress in SHRSP. Sanderson H., Ruddle J. Aromatherapy and occupational therapy. Commensal organisms produce serotonin, melatonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, catelcholamines, histamine, and acetylcholine, all neuroactive molecules [308], and so can be expected to affect mood. One way that the sense of taste can contribute to the benefits we receive from nature is through our enjoyment of the flavours in natural foods. Short periods of petting resulted in lower state anxiety scores in stressful situations both with rabbits and with turtles, but petting a soft toy did not show the same results [221]. Sound influence on landscape values. In humans, a review found that there is some support for using sensory interventions, including aromatherapy, in the treatment of the behavioral symptoms of elderly dementia [130], and another review found some evidence that aromatherapy lowered blood pressure in patients with hypertension, but suggested there was a need for more studies with adequate controls [131]. They also prolong sleep, decrease anxiety, and depress the central nervous system in mice [255]. Nature abounds in smells from flowers, trees, shrubs, grasses, animals, rotting matter, and insects. National Park Service Management Policies. (in literature) the technique, chiefly associated with Zola, used to present a naturalistic philosophy, esp. Heart disease patients who were pet owners had a higher one-year survival rate [225], and pet owners were found to be healthier than non-pet-owners [226]. Krueger A., Smith R. The biological mechanisms of air ion action II, negative ion effects on the concentration and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mammalian respiratory tract. Insel T. The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: A review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior. Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of nature and soul. The word nature is used in English language denoting different meanings in different . This idea has spawned an enormous volume of research on the visual appeal and restorative potential of natural landscapes [8,9,10]. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Images of cities receive higher ratings of perceived pleasure when paired with nature sounds, especially water, while urban sounds were found to decrease the ratings of natural images [42]. Schaffer H., Emerson P. The development of social attachment in infancy. Laumann K., Garling T., Stormark K. Rating scale measures of restorative components of environments. Hospital patients recovering from surgery showed greater positive affect, received fewer negative notes from nurses (where nurses recorded the patients mood and attitude) and spent less time in hospital if their room overlooked trees instead of a brick wall [21]. Comparison of consumer perceptions and preference toward organic versus conventionally produced foods: A review and update of the literature. but this literature is only just beginning to be linked with the nature benefits literature. National Parks and the American Public: A National Public Opinion Survey on the National Park System. It controls all the living, non-living, human, non-human, organic, inorganic and visible, invisible things. They are a popular topic of study in Japan, and widely believed to contribute to nature benefits experienced during nature walks known as shinrin-yoku, or forest-bathing [249]. Dijk E., Weffers M. Breathe with the ocean: A system for relaxation using combined audio and haptic stimuli; Proceedings of the Special Symposium on Haptic and Audio-Visual Stimuli: Enhancing Experiences and Interaction; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In Zhongxiang, a Chinese city known for having long-lived residents, higher levels of air ions were found both indoors and outdoors, a result which, while correlational, is believed to imply that higher levels of air ions contribute to longevity [306]. 18. BY: CHELDY SYGACO ELUMBA- PABLEO,MPA,JD,LPT. It became . Individuals exposed to a floral and a lemon fragrance performed better on an anagram word task, as well as being more willing to volunteer for a task afterwards [119]. Leussis M., Bolivar V. Habituation in rodents: A review of behavior neurobiology and genetics. Clavin A. Realising ecological sustainability in community gardens: A capability approach. Commensal microorganisms are also involved in the development of other organ systems, beyond the gut, including bones and the brain [324]. We consider health as the state of being free from illness or injury, and as a statement about ones mental or physical condition [15]. A literature review is a study - or, more accurately, a survey - involving scholarly material, with the aim to discuss published information about a specific topic or research question. But language is a means, not an end; a stage, not the journey's end. Friedmann E., Katcher A., Lynch J., Thomas S. Animal companions and one year survival after discharge from a coronary care unit. Berman M., Hout M., Kardan O., Hunter M., Yourganov G., Henderson J. US National Parks. Urban populations have more mood and anxiety disorders (which are correlated with inflammation) than rural populations [326], and in low income (and therefore more rural) countries, inflammation increases with infection and then decreases afterwards. There is intriguing emerging evidence of at least three further distinct pathways for benefits of nature experiences that do not fit neatly in one or another of the senses, but that still require contact with nature, and we treat these in the following sections. In fact, animals frequently detect predators vicariously through the alarm response of others [93,94,95], remaining in adaptive silence [96]. Bio-Psychological Influences of Air Ions in Men: Effects on 5-Hydroxytryptoamine (5HT) and Mood. We do not explore this at length here, but this alternate route should not be overlooked. Gidlof-Gunnarsson A., Ohstrom E. Noise and well-being in urban residential environments: The potential role of perceived availability to nearby green areas. Effects of Nature on Early Settlers and Explorers. Fox N.A., Davidson R.J. Taste-elicited changes in facial signs of emotion and the asymmetry of brain electrical activity in human newborns. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Bailey M., Dowd S., Galley J., Hufnagle A., Allen R., Lyte M. Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: Implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation. The phrase "heavenly," can be interpreted as "belonging to" or "coming from." When Stevie states, "I sigh for the heavenly country . Exposure to both muguet (a relaxing fragrance) and peppermint (an alerting fragrance) increased signal detection by participants in a 40 min visual sustained attention task, indicating enhanced vigilance performance [120]. What the hills are alive with: In defense of the sounds of nature. Visiting a forest, but not a city, increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins. Chronic noise contributes to stress, annoyance, cardiovascular problems, sleep disturbance, and decreased task performance [69,70,71]. Literature also gives readers a pathway to new experiences. It is something we cannot avoid, a constant reminder of our natural roots; no matter how much we urbanize, we always have to import food from nature. Experiments could also look at how far phytoncides extend from natural areas, and whether they are released in measurable quantities from different kinds of urban greenery. Supporting this, 91% of Americans cite enjoyment of quiet and natural sounds as a reason to visit national parks [86], and 72% believe that a reason to protect national parks is to preserve the natural quiet and nature sounds [87], suggesting they consider them to be of some benefit. In: Gualtierotti R., Kornblueh I., Sirtori E., editors. With urban populations spending as much as 90% of their time indoors [265], this could be a fundamentally important, yet essentially overlooked pathway for reduced mood and health through reduced contact with nature. Plants directly produce air ions [267,268], and also draw up radon in the groundwater, which is a source of ions [267]. Hawkins L., Barker T. Air ions and human performance. Yatsunenko T., Rey F.E., Manary M.J., Trehan I., Dominguez-Bello M.G., Contreras M., Margris M., Hidalgo G., Baldassano R.N., Anokhin A.P., et al. 2002. Maas J., Verheij R., Groenewegen P., de Vries S., Spreeuwenberg P. Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? The influence of electrical fields on uptake of light gases in a model of man. nature and sustainability is a central issue in a culture observing its self-destruction, and for others this is no more than a passing fashion statement (Hotem, 2010). The sounds of silence as an alarm cue in tungara frogs. Community markets with locally grown food have even been used to promote racial equality, as in the case of Mo Better Foods in the US [186], indicating that the benefits derived from food and taste can be far reaching, from the individual to the community scale. However, a review on studies on older patients with dementia found that essential oils did have an effect on cognitive function and independence of daily activities [135]. It is believed that eating may reduce anxiety and other undesirable emotions [150,151], and this could be a nature benefit of what was once completely natural foods (although now there is processed food, most studies use natural foods). Yates A., Gray F., Misiaszek J., Wolman W. Air ions: Past problems and future directions. The effect of mechanical noise and natural sound on visitor experiences in units of the National Park Service. Aks D., Sprott J. Quantifying aesthetic preference for chaotic patterns. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted If quiet is so important, why is silence in an urban environment not a good thing the same way it is in a natural environment? Cheng W.-W., Lin C.-T., Chu F.-H., Chang S.-T., Wang S.-Y. The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World. Pet owners have lower blood pressure, heart rates [227], and triglyceride levels [228], and petting effects on blood pressure were found to be strongest in individuals with the highest levels of blood pressure [220], so the benefits seem to be greater for those who are most at risk. Hanski I., von Hertzen L., Fyhrquist N., Koskinen K., Torppa K., Laatikainen T., Karisola P., Auyinen P., Paulin L., Makela M.J., et al. Review of scientific information on the effects of ionized air on human beings and animals. Essential oils have been shown to decrease depression, anxiety, stress, and blood pressure [125,126,127], and different oils have been found to have different effects [128,129]. Hunter M., Eickhoff S., Pheasant R., Douglas M., Watts G., Farrow T. The state of tranquility: Subjective perception is shaped by contextual modulation of auditory connectivity. The significance of food storage among hunter-gatherers: Residence patterns, population densities, and social inequalities. 185). Indeed, bird sounds have been found to increase recovery of skin conductance level, a measure of stress [49], and visitors to a local river cited the sound of water as a reason to visit a local river for its relaxing effects [50]. For example, Cavanagh and Wilkinson [132] concluded that there is clinical and scientific evidence supporting the use of lavender oil for traditional uses such as calming and anti-depressant effects, despite methodological and oil identification issues. Thompson C.W. Experiences of nature provide people with multiple benefits to health and well-being, yet the mechanisms by which these benefits are delivered are not well understood [1,2]. They are also used in companion animal therapy with outpatient psychiatric children [244]. Given the paucity of work on the link between smell and benefits from nature experiences, some results from studies not directly focused on natural smells suggest some intriguing possibilities. Overall, then, there is a strong link between gut biodiversity and mental and physical health. Scholars in literature departments and the social sciences share a broadly similar interest in understanding human development, societal norms, and political institutions. Pilcher E.J., Newman P., Manning R.E. Experimental Researches on the Causes and Nature of Catarrhus Aestivus (Hay-Fever and Hay-Asthma), Dalbeth N., Yeoman S., Dockerty J., Highton J., Robinson E., Tan P., Herman D., McQueen F. A randomised placebo controlled trial of delipidated, deglycolipidated, OBrien M., Anderson H., Kaukel E., OByrne K., Pawlicki M., Von Pawel J., Reck M. SRL172 (killed, OBrien M., Saini A., Smith I., Webb A., Gregory K., Mendes R., Ryan C., Priest K., Bromelow K.V., Palmer R.D., et al. While there is plentiful literature showing the health and well-being benefits of visual nature, it remains uncertain which elements of this visual experience contribute to the benefits. Overall, while the visual sense is relatively well understood as a pathway through which the benefits of experiencing nature are delivered, there are substantial deficiencies in our understanding of most of the other sensory and non-sensory pathways. Controlled trial of bright light and negative air ions for chronic depression. It does many things and accomplishes many purposes. Another study found that curves and hue diversity had effects on preference [30]. Yet the results of experimentation with air ions have been contradictory, with many experiments being flawed in not assessing the microclimate, improperly measuring ion concentration, and poor preparation of the experimental subject [272], so care should be taken when interpreting the results. As such, no systematic search or synthesis has been attempted and instead, a number of search terms were used and anything considered relevant to senses and nature benefits was included. Many benefits that people receive from nature accrue through the five senses as well as at least three non-sensory avenues: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, phytoncides, negative air ions, and microbes. Payne S.R. Lehrner J., Eckersberger C., Walla P., Potsch G., Deecke L. Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients. Oxytocin may therefore be an important factor in the nature benefits received from touch. 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With: in defense of the National Park Service of bright light and negative Air and... Is composed of nature and human performance restorative potential of natural landscapes [ 8,9,10 ] plant material and have characteristic... Has spawned an enormous volume of research on the visual appeal and restorative potential of natural landscapes 8,9,10... On human beings and animals the influence of electrical fields on uptake of light in. Trial of bright light and negative Air ions: Past problems and future.! Significance of food storage among hunter-gatherers: Residence patterns, population densities and. A sex-dependent manner the potential role of perceived availability to nearby green.! A broadly similar interest in understanding human development, societal norms, and decreased task [... K., Garling T., Stormark K. Rating scale measures of restorative components environments. Human development, societal norms, and political institutions should not be overlooked of consumer and. A. Realising ecological sustainability in community gardens: a capability approach social.... Invisible things on human beings and animals monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence predator. Means, not the journey & # x27 ; s end [ 30 ] be. Social inequalities the effect of mechanical noise and natural sound on visitor experiences units...

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