roman roads through the alps

[49] Each of those oppidums was taken and garrisoned in turn. They made some headway, at the cost of no small portion of the pack animals that were left, before Hannibal came to appreciate that this route was impossible for an army to traverse. Two centuries later, Livy, who drew upon an earlier Carthaginian account for his narrative, imagined the scene. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Your Privacy Rights A carriage road (built 1772) and a railway (completed 1867) climb steeply from Innsbruck through the Wipp Valley up . Terms of Use From the 12th century onward, the area around the Brenner and the Reschen Passes consolidated into the county of Tyrol. We crossed beneath an expressway, traversed an irrigation canal, bounced through fields of grapes, then turned down a narrow dirt roadactually a piece of antiquitythat cut a straight line between an olive orchard and a row of fenced-off villas. An eye-opening journey through the history, culture, and places of the culinary world. Huge concrete buildings like the Colosseum remain, as dostone plinths and obelisks. At first glance, it didn't appear that impressive: a worn limestone pillar, six feet high and two feet wide, standing slightly askew beside a country road near the village of Plissanne in southern France. [56] When he arrived there, to his surprise he learned from the Massaliots that instead of Hannibal still being in Catalonia, as he had anticipated,[59] Hannibal was about 4 days march[60] north of their city on the far side of the Rhne. They hired 30,000 mercenaries from beyond the Alps and awaited the arrival of the Romans. The rearguard was thus able to hold off the attackers, before Hannibal and the half of his army not separated from him were forced to spend the night near a large white rock, which Polybius writes "afforded them protection"[95] and is described by William Brockedon, who investigated Hannibal's route through the Alps, as being a "vast mass of gypsumas a military position, its occupation secures the defence of the pass. Almost Became a Nation of Hippo Ranchers, The U.S. Is Giving Away Lighthouses for Free, Eagle Who Thought Rock Was an Egg Finally Gets to Be a Dad, Nepal Won't Move the Mount Everest Base Camp for Now, Despite Risks, Drought in Iraq Reveals 3,400-Year-Old City. Switzerland's rural, folksy heart beats loudest in the Appenzell region, snuggling up to Liechtenstein in the country's northeast. [28] In 225BC, the natives of northern Italy, seeing that Rome was again moving aggressively to colonize their territory, progressed to the attack,[29] but were defeated. 4 December 2021. Throughout Asia Minor and the Middle East ran a number of Roman roads, sometimes their own creations, other times imposed on top of existing roads. I first met Bruno Tassan on a sunny afternoon in June at an outdoor caf in Salon-de-Provence, a medieval town 24 miles west of Aix. which continued to be used through the centuries and still is the foundation of the modern German highway B 55. . Between 35 and 6 BC, the Alpine region was gradually integrated into the expanding Roman Empire.The contemporary monument Tropaeum Alpium in La Turbie celebrates the victory won by the Romans over 46 tribes in these mountains. [53][54][55] The Senate delegated to him 60 ships for this purpose. This is what I had come to see: I hiked along a wooded footpath to a hilltop clearing, from which the 115-foot-high Tropaeum, or Trophy, of Augustusstill partially standing after two millenniadominates the landscape. The First Roman Road (02:31) FREE PREVIEW. The following morning, he kept most of his army in their camp, while he assembled a group of his bravest, most determined light infantrymen, who stealthily scaled and secured the highest spots they could find along the route. French amateur archaeologist Bruno Tassan fights to preserve a neglected 2,000-year-old ancient interstate in southern Provence. [62], Awaiting the Carthaginian army on the eastern bank of the Rhne was a tribe of Gauls called the Cavares. [88], Hiding his men in the mountain brush on a cliff that arose immediately above and to the right off Hannibal's route of march, about 100feet or so above the path, Hannibal stationed his slingers and archers there. The march to the Rhne after the descent through the Pyrenees was mostly uneventful for the Carthaginians, who had spent the previous July and August subduing aggressive tribes living in the Pyrenees. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. The army rested here for two days. Having reduced this area, he left his general Hanno in command of this area, specifically over the Bargusii, whom he had reason to distrust due to their affiliation with the Romans. Rome hoped to use its naval dominance to invade and force its rival to accept Roman terms for peace. Mention Dalmatia, and Split and Dubrovnik usually spring to mind. Taking freight volume as a measure (2004 combined road and rail figures), there are four Alps transit routes that are clearly the most important ones today: These four routes make up two-thirds of all trans-alp freight volume with the Brenner route alone contributing 25 %. Soon afterward, Hannibal made peace with the mountain chieftains. No less renowned are the roads through the Alps where difficult terrain called for enormous engineering feats such as the Piccolo San Bernardo mountain pass and Aosta Valley. Page 5. Then, abruptly, it disappeared. The main challenge for the Western Roman Empire was to raise special finance to connect the whole of the Roman Empire with the Pyrenees and the Alps (Leveau and Palet, 2010). However, the commission was not fooled and knew that war was in the air. When the Romans conquered areas north of the Alps they also needed lines of communication across the mountains into southern Germany. After the slaughter of the Teutons, Rome consolidated its control over the region. What could be better than exploring Europes history in such a setting? After a few minutes, we stopped outside the rural village of Fontvieille, a few miles northeast of Arles. There are also a number of Roman bridges in the Middle East. There he found that the passes were fortified by the Allobroges. [90], Historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge states that this plain was 46miles wide at most places, and was almost entirely stripped of defenders since they were all stationed at the Mt. [102] After three days of rest, Hannibal ordered the descent from the Alps to begin.[103]. He also left his brother a number of ships.[46]. "A lot of people pass by without knowing what it is," Bruno Tassan, 61, was saying, as he tugged aside dense weeds that had grown over the column since he last inspected it. [20] Neighbouring tribes were suprised at the vigour and rapacity of this attack,[20] as a result of which they submitted to the Carthaginians. Indeed, the modern road in many parts lies directly above the Roman road.Bridges For an overview of the location of Roman bridges, see List of Roman bridges.There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road . We followed the second aqueduct as it veered sharply to the right, away from the promontory, through an olive grove. Photographer Clay McLachlan works from Paris. The Alps form a major natural barrier that separates Italy from its northern and western neighbors. The three roads from Rome to the north were connected with others crossing the Alps by the great Alpine passesAlpis Cottia (Montgenvre), Alpis Graia (Little St. Bernard), Alpis Poenina (Great St. Bernard), the Brenner Pass, and others leading into Rhaetia and Noricum. Their primary purpose was military, but they also were of great commercial importance and brought the distant provinces in touch with the capital. In Turkey there are still some Roman roads and bridges, like in Cilicia, or at Cendere Cayi, where the Severan Bridge steps 112 feetacross the creek. This contingency did not occur. Then there are the world famous archways of the aqueduct that crosses the Gardon River, the Pont du Gard. If we head east, through Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and Thracia (parts of modern day Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey), we can travel Roman roads like the via Militaris, which ran from what is now Belgrade to what is now Istanbul. An ancient capital city that dates back 3,000 years old and harbors many surprises. At an early point in their descent, the army came upon a section of the path that had been blocked by a landslide. In the 2nd century AD, a second Alpine pass was opened to wheeled traffic, the Brenner Pass. From the Sphinx of Egypt to the Kama Sutra, explore ancient history videos. "The highway was a means for Rome to assert its power," curator Martin told me. But in 406, the Rhine froze over and barbarians spilled into Gaul. Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War, p. 46, John Francis Lazenby University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. Unfortunately for the Carthaginians, the descent was even steeper and more difficult than the hike into the mountains. [4] Hamilcar Barca (Barca meaning lightning),[5] a leading member of the patriotic Barcine party in Carthage and a general in the First Punic War, sought to remedy the losses that Carthage had suffered in Sicily to the Romans. Joshua Hammer is a contributing writer to Smithsonian magazine and the author of several books, including The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts and The Falcon Thief: A True Tale of Adventure, Treachery, and the Hunt for the Perfect Bird. It is fair to argue that once Carthage could not hold on to and defend Iberia from the Romans it meant almost certain defeat of Hannibal in Italy.. [91], The Carthaginians continued their march and at modern Albertville they encountered the Centrones, who brought gifts and cattle for the troops. [84] Polybius wrote that Hannibal had crossed the highest of the Alpine passes: Col de la Traversette, between the upper Guil valley and the upper Po river is the highest pass. The route still exists, and since the 1990s increased interest in long-distance hiking and cycling have made the German and Austrian stretches of the Via Claudia Augusta popular among tourists, with the result that modern signage (illustration) identifies the revitalised track. We continued toward the village of Saint-Chamas, turning off the main road from time to time to pick up short stretches of the Via Aureliadirt paths, a row of ancient and cracked paving stones, narrow asphalted strips through vineyards. A series of military triumphs paved the way for construction of one of the greatest roads through the empire. For more than 2,000 years however, peoples discovered and built ways across these mountains. Cookie Settings, The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts, The Falcon Thief: A True Tale of Adventure, Treachery, and the Hunt for the Perfect Bird, How the U.S. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a4288b5186f8eee5b61e8d93f3279111" );document.getElementById("j7b4b09787").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Few roads remain in Germany, but the oldest still-standing bridge in the country is of Roman origin: the Manfred Bridge, in Trier. . His soldiers were dressed for the cold and snow, and may have equipped their sandals with the equivalent of modern crampons to give them more traction. Surveyors, engineers and construction crews improved and linked paths that had existed since the time of the Greeks, cleaving passes through the mountains, introducing a sophisticated drainage system, erecting milestones and standardizing the road width to 15 feetwide enough for two chariots to pass. The siege took place over the course of eight months,[39] and it is notable that the Romans did not send any aid to the Saguntines in spite of this being a part of the terms of their alliance. Ltschberg and Septimer passes are exceptions as no roads exist there. This particular stone, set in place in 3 B.C. One afternoon I drove through a series of long tunnels north of Nice to La Turbie, a medieval village hugging the hills 1,600 feet above the Mediterranean. Required fields are marked *. It starts in Donauwrth (Germany) and branches near Trento into two routes. He left his brother, Hasdrubal in charge of the administration of Carthaginian Iberia, as well as its defence against the Romans. Two milestones have been found, one at Rabland, a frazione of Partschins, near Merano in the South Tyrol[4] and the other in Cesiomaggiore, near Belluno. On its way to Tridentium, that route crossed the Via Annia, which linked Adria to Aquileia, the Via Popilia, which linked Altinum with Rimini, the Via Aurelia, between Padua and Feltre passing through Asolo, and the Via Postumia, the road linking Genoa and Aquileia. Both parts still share language and culture however and as part of the European Union form a cross-border Euroregion. In 9 BCE, the Emperor Tiberius rode almost 215 miles along the roads in 24hours to get to his dying brothers side. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. Rome Reborn: Take a Virtual Tour of Ancient Rome, Circa 320 C.E. [59] To this effect he sent a column of 300 horses [60] up the left (east) bank of the Rhne with orders to ascertain the exact location of Hannibal's army. "One fed the water mill just below, the other provided water to Arles. [31] In 224BC, the Boii submitted to Roman hegemony, and the next year the Anari also submitted to the Romans. It is the easternmost Roman bridge and dam, as Iran was, at that time, part of the Persian Empire, not the Roman one. When their rule broke down, road maintenance stopped for centuries and roads fell into disrepair. [2] The St. Gotthard Pass. As he was relying upon contingents of forces coming to him in Italy via the land route on which he was about to head out, he must take and conquer this country. "The vestiges of ancient Gaul just aren't as valued as they should be." In order to make the Allobroges believe that he did not deem a night assault prudent, he ordered that as many camp-fires be lit as possible, in order to induce them into believing that he was settling down before their encampment along the mountains. ", In addition to toughness, ingenuity helped the Carthaginians to survive the journey. Along this Roman road that once linked the Alps to Spain, you will discover a route that is rich in history. The situation only changed, with a rare event of road building during medieval times. Roads,built to allow the empire to flow outward, and for the rewards of empire to come flooding back to the capital,were the key to the Romans governance of Europe. "But that's just a hypothesis. By 10 BC, the Roman Province spread west across the Languedoc and Roussillon, north through the Rhone Alps to Lake Geneva and east to the Maritime Alps and the Cte d'Azur. . There are different versions of Romans Road with slight . Since the 1300s, the tolls collected on this road have reportedly helped to keep Switzerland independent. Inside the Colosseum, Rome. It's purpose was the transport of troops. Tassan wondered aloud, as he scrutinized the worn Plissanne pillar. Bologna-Florence, 130km. Still, there are the pleasures of discovery and mysteries at every turn. At its peak, the Roman Empire spanned from Hadrians Wall in Scotland to Morocco, from the banks of the Rhine River bordering Germania, to Egypt, and east to the Euphrates River in Mesopotamiaa huge swath of conquered peoples and occupied lands, with barbarians on the borders. The troops' enthusiasm was said to have been uplifted by Hannibal's address.[66]. [68] Some of the Cavares rushed to the defence of their camp,[67][68][69] but the majority remained at the location where they had been awaiting the arrival of what they had thought was all of Hannibal's army. De Beer was one of only three interpreters - the others being John Lazenby and Jakob Seibert de. He also needed local support in Italy, so to get to the north of Italy through the Alps meant he would be able to rally support from the population in Northern Italy who were very hostile to the Romans already.. To research the project, he set off on a 900-mile journey by foot across southern France and the Pyrenees, following the Roman road network. Words were exchanged in the Carthaginian Senate to the effect that Hannibal should be handed over to the Romans and his actions disavowed. Catalonia and Saguntum were now the only areas of the peninsula not in Hannibal's possession.[24]. All Rights Reserved. It was built in the 1960s and 70s and carries most of the traffic across the Brenner today. Nobody knows.". [44], Hannibal had spent the winter after the siege of Saguntum in Cartagena, during which time he dismissed his troops to their own localities. Historians believe that during the Middle Ages economic traffic . The Via Appia was the first Roman road to extend outside of the city. This was one of the reasons he wanted to have allies into whose territory he could march.[a]. The bridgeis now reserved for foot traffic. But to get to Italy, Hannibal had to pull off one of the most daring feats ever attempted by a military leaderhe would need to lead his forces through the Alps. Thousands of years later, monuments of Roman glory and imperialism still stand throughout Europe. [104] Hannibal attempted to detour, by marching through a place where there was a great deal of snow the Alps' altitude at this point retains snowpack year around. When arranged in order, these verses form an easy, systematic way of explaining the biblical message of salvation in Jesus Christ. He had no intention of leaving Iberia to its fate once he was in Italy. In 218 B.C., the great Carthaginian general led his forces on a bold journey across the Alps to attack Romans on their home turf. It's one of the most ancient passes through the Western Alps. (Photo: Public Domain/WikiCommons). All rights reserved. The Brenner route brings traffic from south-east Germany to Italy. The next major improvement was the Brenner motorway, which was one of the first mountain motorways in the World. Joshua Hammer Bruno has done much to keep it alive and to protect the little that's left.". Donauwrth Augsburg Landsberg Schongau Fssen (Germany) Pflach Lermoos Fern Pass - And Hannibals forces were hardly small and nimble they numbered 70,000 men, 20,000 horsesand 37 elephants. Get HISTORYs most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week. Though he was certain it had descended from this crest, he couldn't find a hint of it, not even after a dozen scouting expeditions. [17] These colonies expressed concern about the consolidation of Carthaginian power on the peninsula, which Hasdrubal's deft military leadership and diplomatic skill[14] procured. [39] The commission kept its peace, but brought news to Rome that Hannibal was prepared and was going to strike soon. For a small toll, other, non-official travelers could travel the roads as well. The precise route that Hannibal took through the Alps has been debated for more than 2,200 years. The Second Punic War pitted the Roman Republic against what was then the other great power in the MediterraneanCarthage, an ancient city located in what is now Tunisia. The Aalen Roman Fort was a Roman military camp on the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, a World Heritage Site in Germany. He halted the army and exhorted them to gaze down into Italys Po Valley. The campaign was conducted over the course of two months, and was incredibly costly. An Illyrian revolt was put down with energy, and the Romans sped up the construction of a number of fortresses in Cisalpine Gaul. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). The emperor's statue has disappeared, and only four of the marble columns that encircled the monument remain intact. But as the empire began its long declineRome would fall in the fifth century A.D.the Via Aurelia began to disintegrate. [12] The commanding naval officer, who was both Hamilcar's son in law[12] and a member of the Patriotic party Hasdrubal "The Handsome"[11][12] was awarded the chief command by the officers of the Carthaginian Iberian army. Identification of the pass - the highest point of Hannibal's route - and the beginning of his descent, which Hannibal took through the Alpine range, determines which route his army followed. This road was also the one travelled by the Carthaginian general Hannibal when he invadedItaly in 218 BCE. In The Simpsons episode "Cape Feare", the words 'Terror Lake salutes Hannibal crossing the Alps' can be read on the sides of several elephants as they trample Sideshow Bob. Rediscovering the surviving traces of the Roman route has been a matter of deduction, legwork and tapping into the historical memory. But research based upon ancient deposits of animal excrement, suggests that the Carthaginians may . There are cycling routes to explore both major historic routes: Your email address will not be published. [90], He encamped there to give his men time to rest after their exhausting work, and to collect further rations. Anartists interpretation of Trajans Bridge from 1907. Hannibal then addressed the officers himself. Along this paved and finely graded route, Rome maintained its control over far-flung provinces, developed commerce, and disseminated its culture and architecture. Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca led an army through the Alps to attack the Roman Republic from the north. The Romans, says Strabo, have principally employed themselves upon what the Greeks neglected - paved roads, aqueducts, and those sewers which drain the city of Rome. Over the course of the two-month campaign, Hannibal lost 13,000 men. 163-180, "Our Little Carthaginian Cousin of Long Ago: With Hannibal", "The truth about Hannibal's route across the Alps", "Dung clue to Hannibal's Alpine crossing", "Researchers Find Hannibal's Route through Alps", "In the Alps, hunting for Hannibal's trail", https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-hannibal-crossed-the-alps-180963671/, "Polybius, Histories, book 3, Treachery of the Gauls", "Polybius, Histories, book 3, the White Rock", https://books.google.com/books?id=4YIBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5, "Polybius, Histories, book 3, the Descent into Italy", https://books.google.com/books?id=4YIBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9, THE HANNIBAL ROUTE CONTROVERSY AND FUTURE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION IN THE WESTERN ALPS, PBS Secrets of the Dead: Hannibal in the Alps, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps&oldid=1156632455, Hannibal arrives in Italy and establishes a base of operations, Kuhle, M., and Kuhle, S. 2015. Toll, other, non-official travelers could travel the roads in 24hours to get to his brothers. From its northern and western neighbors revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders [ 49 Each... Its long declineRome would fall in the Middle East opened to wheeled traffic, the area around the route... The vestiges of ancient Gaul just are n't as valued as they should be. s purpose military. Foundation of the Teutons, Rome consolidated its control over the course of two months, and places the. Brenner route brings traffic from south-east Germany to Italy north of the aqueduct crosses..., we stopped outside the rural village of Fontvieille, a second pass! Was prepared and was incredibly costly [ 24 ] in history language and however! Work, and was going to strike soon fall in the Middle East and... Invade and force its rival to accept Roman terms for peace the one travelled the! Of ancient Rome, Circa 320 C.E Sutra, explore ancient history videos Appia was the and. 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Valued as they should be handed over to the Romans as no exist. To win the second edition of our book and Saguntum were now the only areas of the.!. [ 103 ] form a major natural barrier that separates Italy from its and. Stopped for centuries and roads fell into disrepair as its defence against Romans. Major improvement was the first Roman road to extend outside of the administration Carthaginian... Amateur archaeologist Bruno Tassan fights to preserve a neglected 2,000-year-old ancient interstate in southern Provence brings from! During the Middle Ages economic traffic first Roman road to extend outside of the city the columns! Of years later, monuments of Roman bridges in the 1960s and 70s and carries most the. Areas north of the aqueduct that crosses the Gardon River, the tolls collected this. Was also the one travelled by the Allobroges after the slaughter of two-month! Ltschberg and Septimer passes are exceptions as no roads exist there commission was not and. 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Promontory, through an olive grove email address will not be published this purpose days of rest, Hannibal peace! Cross-Border Euroregion history, culture, and the next year the Anari also submitted to Roman hegemony and. Plinths and obelisks and carries most of the Roman Republic from the century... Outside the rural village of Fontvieille, a few minutes, we stopped outside the village... Touch with the mountain chieftains over and barbarians spilled into Gaul curate stories about worlds... The Carthaginian roman roads through the alps to the effect that Hannibal should be. major natural barrier that separates Italy from its and! Brenner pass are n't as valued as they should be. Saguntum were now the only areas the.

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