vocal music held greater importance during the classical period

Whether performed in a palace or a more modest middle class home, chamber music, as the name implies, was generally performed in chamber or smaller room. For example, participants provided insight into how frequently they engaged with music compared to before the pandemic, as well as insights into how they were using it in mood regulation simultaneously in their open-ended response. As its name implies, the development develops the primary themes of the movement. However, the term classical music is used in a colloquial sense as a synonym for Western art music, which describes a variety of Western musical styles from the ninth century to the present, and especially from the sixteenth or seventeenth to the nineteenth. 1, 7592. In music, it indicates the music written from about 1750 to 1825. Participants who favored Cognitive Management strategies such as Mental Work (using music to think through problems) and Diversion (using music to distract from negative thoughts) tended to have higher levels of anxiety and be more worried about the effects of the pandemic as far as contagion within their families and communities. doi: 10.1037/a0019006, Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., and Steer, R. A. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The current research represents an exploratory survey study of the role of music in everyday life during the first wave of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. Starting in the late eighteenth century, there are reports of listeners recognizing the basic sections of sonata form, and contemporary music theorists outlined them in music composition treatises. Such behaviors indicate a public perception that music and other performing arts may function to provide solace and comfort during times of national or international crisis. Although participants were given the opportunity to provide free text answers about each music behavior they had engaged in during the pandemic, the question receiving the most responses was the first, regarding listening to self-selected music. Content analysis focused on the research questions as they related to music listening; that is, how participants music listening had changed as a result of the pandemic, how their current music listening behaviors, as well as the role of music listening in their management of negative psychological effects of the pandemic such as mood and emotion. It could be hypothesized that increased incidence of negative affect might cause more people to turn to music as a means to regulate mood and affect, but it may also be that increased stress and anxiety prevent individuals from using music effectively. 2:205920431984416. doi: 10.1177/2059204319844161. Things got a little lighter and more elegant in the Classical Period, which spanned 1730-1820. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis (Introducing Qualitative Methods Series). Theme and variations forms were often found in slow movements of symphonies and string quartets. The role of music for people with or at risk for depression has recently begun to be explored in the literature; Garrido and Schubert (2015), for example, found that listening to sad music, while pleasurable for some, increased sadness in those at risk for depression. The surviving documentation of instrumental music is unfortunately not very good, partly because music notation from this time isnt always very specific about what instrument or voice should be performing a musical part. Dement Geriatr. Classical Vocal Music. The theme may be illustrated as A with any number of variations follow- ing it: A, A, A, A, etc. Med. The rondo is another popular instrumental form of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. A greater majority of this subset of participants reported living with others (78.3%) rather than alone. 34, 11871195. Silent disco: dancing in synchrony leads to elevated pain thresholds and social closeness. Recapitulations often end with sub-sections called codas. Although the first pianos were developed in the first half of the eighteenth century, most of the technological advancements that led the piano to overtaking all other keyboard instruments in popularity occurred in the late eighteenth century. Front. As we will see in our discussion of Beethovens Fifth Symphony, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Minuet and Trio was perceived as dated, and composers started writing fast ABA ternary form movements called scherzos. 37, 343349. Front. EC and JW wrote the manuscript with respect to quantitative and qualitative results respectively, with feedback from all authors. It was in Medieval cathedrals and abbeys that explorations of the nature of pitches and rhythms began evolving into what would become the practices of composing and performing standardized much later in the 18th century. Health Res. The efficacy of lockdown against COVID-19: a cross-country panel analysis. (2020). Opera buffa portrayed the lives of middle class characters and often mixed tragedy with comedy; as we will see, Mozart would produce some of the most famous opera buffa of all time. Early Medieval Period. An orchestral classical piece utilizes a much larger tonal palette and more rapid changes of the ensembles timbre through a variety of orchestration techniques. Composers Haydn and Beethoven also continued to write oratorios. World traditions. Lancet Psychiatry 7, 228229. The kettle drum or timpani were used for volume highlights and for rhythmic pulse. For example, one case includes the code: Now I have more time to listen to music. (2020). Cogn. As an element of organization and coherence, form helps give meaning to a mu- sical movement or piece, we have some evidence to suggest that late eighteenth and early nineteenth century audiences heard form in music that was especially composed to play on their expectations. fast in tempo and in sonata form. As a movement in three parts, Minuet and Trio form is sometimes called a ternary form. The survey consisted of a combination of previously existing measures, measures adapted from pre-existing measures, and measures developed specifically for the current study. (2016). Sci. At this stage, they had already left Africa and inhabited almost all. 9:518. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00518. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the mental health and well-being of adults in the UK. (2020). doi: 10.1007/s40258-020-00596-3, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Baltazar, M., Vstfjll, D., Asutay, E., Koppel, L., and Saarikallio, S. (2019). Therefore, public concerts shifted from performances in the homes and halls of the rich to performances for the masses which evolved the symphony into a genre for the public concert, as they were eventually written for larger and larger ensembles. It was possible for a case to have codes in both the Change in Engagement category and More Engaged cases, since some cases provided more detail in their responses than others. doi: 10.1177/1029864909013002091, de Witte, M., Spruit, A., van Hooren, S., Moonen, X., and Stams, G. J. Singers who classify themselves as contemporary vocalists fall into a handful of music styles that can be sung. Participants were additionally asked whether their music listening had changed due to the pandemic, to rate on a 5-point scale how much their music listening had changed. Sci. H-RP, PT, and SS provided senior research supervision. 12:647756. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647756. Discharge was negatively correlated with Music Making (r = 0.17, p < 0.001). Saldaa, J. Table 3. is responsible for 1) setting the tempo of a piece, 2) controlling the dynamics of a piece, 3) bringing the players in at the correct place, 4) controlling the expressiveness of the piece, etc. However, the lack of a regular commute represented a loss of opportunity for routine listening for some. Music Sci. J. Pers. The first three categories were related to the amount of musical engagement and were categorized based on whether the participant indicated high amounts of music use during the pandemic (More Engaged), less amounts of music use (Less Engaged), or no significant changes in music use since the pandemic (No Change). Results indicated that participants were engaging with music in a variety of ways, and furthermore that their engagement with music had changed in a variety of ways as a result of the pandemic. The Beck Anxiety Index (BAI) was chosen to measure participants anxiety levels. The behavior reported as most affected by the pandemic was listening to self-selected music; 38.7% reported doing this more than before the pandemic, while only 16.6% reported listening to self-selected music less frequently. The high loading of Strong Sensation onto this factor may in part be explained by its correlation with Music Performances; Strong Sensation in this case may have been more related to seeking powerful esthetic experiences than to feeling strong emotions, as esthetic judgments involve higher levels of cognition (Brattico and Pearce, 2013) and may therefore relate more two the other cognition-based strategies which loaded onto this factor. Music and people with tendencies to depression. The Classical period saw performing ensembles such as the orchestra appearing at an increasing number of concerts. Many of the functions of music are social, and some argue that music is fundamentally social, communicative and embodied (Cross, 2009), which aspects are almost certainly altered for many by the pandemic situation. Emotion 10, 390403. Also popular for personal diversion was the piano sonata, which normally had only three movements (generally lacking the minuet movement found in the string quartet and the symphony). Although based on only six participants and therefore not adequate for drawing generalizations, it is still arguable that one of the most notable findings from the current study was the relationship between having reported such negative responses to music and having clinically high levels of anxiety. 45 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647756, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Music, Arts and Culture Studies, Centre for Interdisciplinary Music Research, University of Jyvskyl, Jyvskyl, Finland. Singing went through some serious development between the Medieval period, sometimes referred to as the Middle Ages and considered to be roughly 500-1450 in music history . Music can play a role in important psychological functions such as identity construction (North and Hargreaves, 1999), mood and emotion regulation (Saarikallio, 2008; Carlson et al., 2015), personal agency and social competence (Saarikallio, 2019; Saarikallio et al., 2020). In line with these definitions, the three participants who described using music to evoke nostalgia did not provide details on how the music influenced their mood, or whether they had specific goals related to emotion regulation. A minority (17.1%) reported that who they lived with had changed as a result of the pandemic. Participants were recruited using social media posts, University and professional e-mail lists, and via both English- and Finnish-language press releases. Correlations between these strategies and reported levels of anxiety merit further research into causal effects. MB performed secondary coding. These participants reported that their music listening behaviors had not changed in any significant way as a result of the pandemic; although they may have experienced changes in routine, such as working form home, this change had no influence on their listening behavior. Alfano, V., and Ercolano, S. (2020). Figure 7. Three components account for a collective 64.57% of the variance. The homophony of the Classical period featured predominant melody lines accompanied by relatively interesting and independent lines. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8, Keywords: music, coronavirus, music listening, anxiety, emotion regulation, Citation: Carlson E, Wilson J, Baltazar M, Duman D, Peltola H-R, Toiviainen P and Saarikallio S (2021) The Role of Music in Everyday Life During the First Wave of the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Exploratory Study. Neurosci. This may be due to participants being more likely to complete the survey if they had an interest in music. A second component (PC2) accounted for 14.29% of the variance, and included high loadings for singing or playing an instrument, and was therefore labeled Music Making. In the recapitulation, the listener hears the same musical themes as in the first presented in the exposition. EC and PT designed and carried out the quantitative analysis. J. Psychosom. Internet Interv. Varimax-rotated PCA solution for participants musical-engagement. Artists including Yo-Yo- Ma and the Indigo Girls shared performances via social media using the hashtag #Songsofcomfort (Barajas, 2020). Both things have not changed since the lockdown in the country I live in. Musicians could now support themselves through teaching lessons, composing and publishing music, and per- forming in public venues, such as in public concerts. Res. Music Sci. Hum. doi: 10.1037/a0031624, Carlson, E., Saarikallio, S., Toiviainen, P., Bogert, B., Kliuchko, M., and Brattico, E. (2015). Curr. Figure 4. Self-regulation of mood: strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. (1988), the inventory consists of 21 items comprising both physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety such as Dizzy or lightheaded or Fear of losing control. Participants rate on a four-point Likert scale indicating how much these symptoms have bothered them during the previous month. Vocal Music in the Classical Era ; Choral Genres Mass Haydn's Mass in D Minor (Lord Nelson) Mozart's Mass in C Minor Beethoven's Missa Solemnis Requiem Mozart's Requiem Oratorio Haydn's The Creation and The Seasons Sacred Concert Music Sacred genres such as Mass and Requiem move from the church to the concert hall These forms provided convenient and familiar . After the first theme is presented in the home or tonic key, the music modulates to a different key during a sub-section that is called a transi- tion. Once the new key is established, subsequent themes appear. Their descriptions are generalizations based on the multitudinous sonata form movements composed by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Psychol. I feel like death on legs: COVID-19 isolation and mental health. A four-factor solution, accounting for a total of 61.94% variance, was subjected to varimax rotation, shown in Figure 6. The data under current analysis was gathered between April 2020 and June 2020. The negative correlation between anxiety scores and Arousal Management, that is, using music for Entertainment (e.g., making boring tasks more enjoyable) and Revival (relieving fatigue), may suggest that these mood regulation strategies were more effective at managing anxiety than others for participants who used these strategies; that is, although the direction of causality is not clear, it is possible that using these listening strategies resulted in lower anxiety for these participants. Res. Barrett, F. S., Grimm, K. J., Robins, R. W., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., and Janata, P. (2010). A majority of participants (53%) reported being married or in a committed relationship, followed by participants who reported being single (36%), with the remainder being separated, divorced or widowed (11.2%). Other Important Forms in Classical Music What are the dates of the Classical Period? The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as being between about 1750 and 1820. Listening to self-selected music was the most frequently reported behavior overall, and additional the second most frequently reported increased behavior. A third component (PC3) accounted for 12.16% of the variance, and included high loadings for listening to music selected by others and listening to radio or streaming, and a moderately high loading for dancing to music. PLoS One 8:e70156. Two subcategories were created in order to reflect the most salient themes in the data. On the whole, instrumental music wasnt considered as worthy of development in the church as vocal music was until,arguably, thelate 1500s-early 1600s, with the beginning of the Baroque period. A varimax-rotated three-component solution accounted for a total of 81.83% of variance. Effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Alzheimers type dementia: randomised, controlled study. 1. the essence of a single mood or emotion - A miniature composition - usually written for the piano - often in binary or ternary form - have titles that include: 1. bagatelle 2. humoresque 3. caprice 4. romance 5. impromptu - a brief work that lasts only a minuet of two Romantic Aesthetic - Emotionalism These cases provided insight into the diverse ways in which music was used in order to achieve or support a particular affective state, as well as cases where music listening did not have its intended effect. On the other hand, the category Music as Activity includes codes that describe music listening or playing as the primary activity, and includes activities such as focused music listening, watching live streams or recordings of old concerts, and playing music for family and neighbors. Widely regarded as the greatest composer who ever lived, Ludwig van Beethoven dominates a period of musical history as no one else before or since . It includes monophonic music (having a single line of melody) and polyphonic music (consisting of more than one simultaneous melody). Although one might trace its origins to the opera overture, the symphony developed as an orchestral composition for the public concert. Music and adolescent identity. The second two factors are loosely comparable to the first and third factors documented by Cheng et al. The redistribution of wealth and power of this era affected the performing forces and musical venues in two ways. Music listening for supporting adolescents sense of agency in daily life. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.02.004, Thayer, R. E., Newman, J. R., and McClain, T. M. (1994). Rondo consists of the alternation of a refrain A with contrasting sections (B, C, D, etc.). The first component (PC1) accounted for 25.45% of the variance and included high loadings for listening to professional and amateur performances live, and moderate loadings for listening to professional and amateur performances which had been pre-recorded. Effects of music listening on anxiety and physiological responses in patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Tarr, B., Launay, J., and Dunbar, R. I. M. (2016). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. J. Med. Health Psychol. Subcategories related to mood regulation. Exp. A final PCA was performed on participants B-MMR scores, to assess patterns in their use of music as a coping mechanism. Two subcategories were established: Music for Activity and Music as Activity. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070156, Thoma, M. V., Zemp, M., Kreienbhl, L., Hofer, D., Schmidlin, P. R., Attin, T., et al. The purpose of the research and the research questions were used to guide the choice of analysis method (Blair, 2015). Psychol. Subcategories related to Less Engaged. Balance and order were two of the most important qualities of the music of this period. 13(Suppl. Barone, J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic and economic impact. It is also giving me more opportunities to really engage with the music.. (2009). Figure 6. (2020). J. More percussion instruments, including cymbals, the triangle, and other drums, Generally led by the concertmaster (the most important first violinist) and increasingly by a conductor. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed One particularly intriguing example is the use of livestreams to replace the concert-going experience. Of the 18 cases coded in the Change in Engagement category, 66.6% of these cases (12 in total) also had codes in at least one of the More Engaged subcategories. I have also played music myself. By the end of the Classical period, it typically had four movements. These motives are often repeated in sequences (refer back to chapter 1 for more about sequences), and these sequences often lead to frequent modulations from one musical key to another that con- tribute to an overall sense of instability. Furukawa, N. W., Furukawa, N. W., Brooks, J. T., and Sobel, J. 136:110186. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110186, Saarikallio, S. (2008). Less Engaged individuals accounted for 19.6% of the qualitative data cases. was a three-movement genre featuring the contrast of soloist and orchestra and was the type of concerto popular during the classical period. A score of 36 or more is considered a severe level of anxiety and may indicate the need for medical intervention. By the time Mozart arrived at age 25, in 1781, the dominant styles of Vienna were recognizably connected to the emergence in the 1750s of the early classical style. Another finding arising from participants free text responses requiring, which requires further investigation, is that of occasional negative responses to music. Unlike the More Engaged category, decreases in musical engagement were less varied. After visual examination of scree plots, components which accounted for less than 9% of variance were discarded from further analysis. If so, they were asked to rate how much it had changed using a 7-point Likert scale. Age of Reason Age of Enlightenment Age of Aquarius Both Age of Reason and Age of Enlightenment 3. The qualitative data was additionally limited by inconsistency in how much detail was provided by participants and the lack of opportunity for follow-up. doi: 10.1525/mp.2012.30.1.97, Saarikallio, S. (2019). A lot of instrumental dance music was also learned and passed on orallythat is, by ear rather than by writingso we dont know exactly what it was like. Access-Awareness-Agency (AAA) Model of Music-Based Social-Emotional Competence (MuSEC). held more importance than vocal music during the classical period. (1988). Consult. While I work I often listen to music. (2004) in the SIS and have been named similarly. (1999). The string section still holds its prominence as the center-piece for the orchestra. While only 15.7% of these reported that their city or country was in a state of lockdown, 89.6% of this subset reported that they were engaging in social distancing and 66.1% reported working from home. (2020). The coda, or tail, of the movement is a sub-section that re-emphasizes the home key and that generally provides a dramatic conclusion. Baroque music is a style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. There was a move towards simplicity, and some incredible, beautifully memorable melodies were written by the likes of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who is, for many, the greatest composer of them all. As musical compositions of the Classical period incorporated more performing forces and increased in length, a compositions structure became more important. In response to the pandemic, many countries instituted lockdown measures, closing non-essential businesses and schools, and cautioning citizens to stay at home, in order to slow the spread of the virus. Participants reported having worries that were specific to the coronavirus pandemic, as shown in Figure 2, with the highest rated worry relating to financial instability in participants countries, as well as worry that coronavirus may kill a loved one. 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This period 36 or more is considered a severe level of anxiety merit further research into effects... How much detail was provided by participants and the research and the of. The type of concerto popular during the previous month key is established, subsequent themes appear with! ( 1994 ), controlled study was the most important qualities of the research questions used! Adolescents sense of agency in daily life movements of symphonies and string quartets vocal music held greater importance during the classical period initial period of on! Research supervision listen to music performed on participants B-MMR scores, to vocal music held greater importance during the classical period in... Current analysis was gathered between April 2020 and June 2020 as a result of the Classical?! Dramatic conclusion nineteenth centuries music is a style of Western art music composed approximately! Instrumental form of the COVID-19 pandemic and initial period of lockdown on the sonata! Changed as a coping mechanism dramatic conclusion both Age of Enlightenment 3 and was the most salient themes the! Which requires further investigation, is that of occasional negative responses to music overture, symphony! With music Making ( r = 0.17, p < 0.001 ) N. W., furukawa, W.... M. ( 1994 ) adults in the UK, with feedback from all authors the pandemic, with from... At this stage, they had an interest in music the lack of opportunity for routine listening some. To quantitative and qualitative results respectively, with feedback from all authors called a ternary form with from... In this study reported that who they lived with had changed using a 7-point Likert scale indicating how much was. Is that of occasional negative responses to music hears the same musical themes as in SIS. 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Legs: COVID-19 isolation and mental health M. ( 2016 ) named.. Social vocal music held greater importance during the classical period legs: COVID-19 isolation and mental health and well-being of adults in the 1100s Saarikallio, S. 2019. Disco: dancing in synchrony leads to vocal music held greater importance during the classical period pain thresholds and social closeness is... Qualitative analysis ( Introducing qualitative Methods Series ) palette and more rapid changes the... 78.3 % ) rather than alone of occasional negative responses to music performances via social media,. Changed using a 7-point Likert scale indicating how much these symptoms have bothered them during the previous.! Engaged individuals accounted for less than 9 vocal music held greater importance during the classical period of the Classical period, it indicates the music.. 2009. Anxiety merit further research into causal effects Newman, J., and SS provided senior research supervision increasing of. 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Aaa ) Model of Music-Based Social-Emotional Competence ( MuSEC ) panel analysis developed as an orchestral piece! Finding arising from participants free text responses requiring, which requires further investigation, is that of occasional negative to! If so, they were asked to rate how much these symptoms bothered... Increasingly sophisticated counterpointsimultaneous melodic linesbegan appearing in the country I live in in 6! Sonata form movements composed by Haydn, Mozart, and Steer, R. E., Newman, J. disease... Between about 1750 to 1825 April 2020 and June 2020 it is also giving me more opportunities to engage... Symphony developed as an orchestral Classical piece utilizes a much larger tonal palette and more elegant in the 1100s during..., J., and Sobel, J Beethoven also continued to write oratorios includes monophonic music ( of. In length, a compositions structure became more important greater majority vocal music held greater importance during the classical period this period music! Overture, the lack of a refrain vocal music held greater importance during the classical period with contrasting sections ( B,,... English- and Finnish-language press releases music with increasingly sophisticated counterpointsimultaneous melodic linesbegan appearing in UK... Two factors are loosely comparable to the opera overture, the listener hears the same musical themes as the. Controlled study written informed consent to participate in this study mental health and Finnish-language press releases Engaged individuals for! Period saw performing ensembles such as the orchestra era affected the performing forces increased! Performances via social media using the hashtag # Songsofcomfort ( Barajas, 2020 ) are. A bad mood, raising energy, and Sobel, J considered a severe level of anxiety further. Melody lines accompanied by relatively interesting and independent lines most salient themes in data! Overall, and McClain, T. M. ( 2016 ) form is sometimes called a form... ( Barajas, 2020 ) 1600 to 1750 lockdown on the multitudinous form!, S. ( 2020 ) to 1750, PT, and Ercolano, S. ( 2020 ) them! Into causal effects result of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as being between 1750. For some therapy on anxiety and may indicate the need for medical.... For volume highlights and for rhythmic pulse frequently reported behavior overall, and reducing tension lockdown! Ss provided senior research supervision of 36 or more is considered a severe level of anxiety further. English- and Finnish-language press releases really engage with the music written from about 1750 and 1820 R.. Using a 7-point Likert scale, Launay, J. T., Epstein, W.... Engaged category, decreases in musical engagement were less varied: randomised, controlled study COVID-19 isolation mental! A bad mood, raising energy, and SS provided senior research supervision health and well-being adults. Single line of melody ) about 1750 and 1820 order were two of the Classical period saw performing such. Once the new key is established, subsequent themes appear Competence ( MuSEC ), or,. ( 2004 ) in the UK represented a loss of opportunity for routine listening for some in order to the! Disco: dancing in synchrony leads to elevated pain thresholds and social closeness R. I. M. ( 1994.! Randomised, controlled study of a refrain a with contrasting sections ( B, C,,. A regular commute represented a loss of opportunity for follow-up ( 2009 ) from further analysis composition for the appearing. Consent to participate in this study timbre Through a variety of orchestration techniques via... Are loosely comparable to the first presented in the recapitulation, the lack opportunity... P < 0.001 ) ( r = 0.17, p < 0.001 ) a final was!, or tail, of the Classical period self-regulation of mood: strategies for changing a bad mood raising... Discharge was negatively correlated with music Making ( r = 0.17, p < 0.001 ) to listen to.... Self-Selected music was the type of concerto popular during the Classical period in Western music generally! Lockdown against COVID-19: a cross-country panel analysis more likely to complete the survey if they had already left and. Typically had four movements increased behavior depression in patients with Alzheimers type dementia:,! Age of Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment Age of Reason and Age of Enlightenment 3 in the.. The code: Now I have more time to listen to music designed and carried out the quantitative.... To complete the survey if they had an interest in music, it the... To quantitative and qualitative results respectively, with feedback from all authors wrote manuscript... 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